Fashion and Social Media

Psychology of Clothing Youngstown State University November 21, 2013 The fashion industry is uniquely positioned to take full advantage of the power of social media. Being an exceedingly visual and expressive industry with an engaged consumer base, the increased publicity and interactivity that social media provides lends itself particularly well to brands in the industry. Twitter, one the leading social media sites. Has also established a presence at major events in the fashion world.An example is Fashion Week, where the fashion house Barberry broke barriers and instilled innovation by live-tweeting photographs of models Just before they stepped on the catwalk at London Fashion Week. It gave individuals an unparalleled look behind the scenes, which in return made â€Å"#Barberry' the second most trending topic on Twitter at that time. Other leaders within the fashion industry are taking to the idea twitter and social media as a whole to expand the relevance of the industry on their take. They are tons of professionals within our industry who can accommodate just about any individuals' style and taste.For the purpose of this paper the focus as on four leaders within the fashion industry. Cosmetic Brands M. A. C cosmetics (@MACcosmectics) and Amiability Cosmetics (@Maybelline) Creative Director of ELL Magazine Joe Zee (@mrJoezee) and finally the website and blob dedicated to everything beauty, Into the Gloss (@lntoTheGloss). Over the past several months, there were key significances with each, first M. A. C cosmetic's re launch Of VIVA Glam, since the first campaign was unveiled in 1994 which features a beautifully creamy shade of deep red where all proceeds went to aids research. But the biggest part of he re launch was when M.A. C cosmetic's revealed via twitter that Rueful was returning to front the one that started it all: Viva Glam 1. Next is Amiability New York Cosmetics, Something very admirable is that they actually reply back to their followers in rega rds to questions, concerns and the whole nine. Also they rewet pictures of individual wearing products for their line as well. Something on trend is the innovation of plums colors which are perfect for the fall and also globalization is a trend with the recent opening of a corporate branch in Lagos, Nigeria which events arm the red carpet opening party trending that night.Next is Ell Creative Director Joe Zee. I'd like to call him Fashion's Approachable Ambassador because given his status within the fashion industry he really connects with his followers by tweeting things within his every life as well as live tweet photos from front row runway shows and event parties within the fashion industry and oncoming trends and sneak peeks within ELL magazine's upcoming issues. Lastly is into the gloss, being an individual who loves makeup would preferable loved work within the beauty part of the fashion industry, I take a lot in from this twitter page, which is no secret my favorite.They are always ahead with the latest trends and innovations regarding all things beauty with an editorial feel. The instant update regarding the latest breakthrough trends are something waiting for. Using twitter in the fashion industry is a win / win for both the individuals and the fashion Houses or leaders. Brands use it to expand and reach to the specific target market using social networking sites like Twitter. Twitter and Social media in the fashion industry is important basically cuts out the middle man while creating a direct communication method between the buyer and seller.The fashion industry literally have uncovered a one of the secrets to success through consumer driving inspiration and testing trends. Which ultimately allows the ability to identify and capitalize on what's currently trending and hot in the industry early, which can make all the difference to a fashion brand or retailer's predominance in the industry, with the ability to amplify the buzz. The best thing about this twitter assignment was the ability to really identify with what part of the fashion industry o wanted to be a part of by following certain people, whether that be Journalist, photographer, marketing or beauty for example.Twitter is the ultimate form of communication with brands and leaders because, like mentioned before they really respond back to their followers creating a one-on-one feel and instilling inspiration to that follower as well, so I would suggest if anything use twitter as platform for professional reasons to get your name out there and be a part of communities full of individuals with similar interest and for that reason alone, is why I will continue to use twitter.

Monetary policy conduct under inflation targeting framework - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 25 Words: 7432 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? CHARPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION The world is turning into a demon to its own people as many are living in deplorable situations that are hardly bearable. The price level have risen sharply in the recent past coupled with dwindling wage levels and declining growth rate, especially, in majority of African countries where poverty has embedded itself to an extent that people in these countries live below one dollar per day. However, majority of governments have embarked on instituting major reforms through introduction of avant-garde monetary policy schemes, which forge the way forward through which the monetary authority re-design its policy by focusing primarily on price stability as the primary objective. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Monetary policy conduct under inflation targeting framework" essay for you Create order In the last twenty years, majority of both developed and emerging economies respectively have embarked on IT framework as their best choice in conducting monetary policy, with none of inflation countries targeters abandoning the framework, save for Finland and Spain, that have already joined the European Monetary System (EMS) in late 90s. IT-framework; an approach to management of monetary policy was pioneered by the New Zealand Government in 1990 after it abandoned its pegged exchange rate five years later. By the year 2009, over twenty-five countries comprised of developed, emerging, and developing countries around the world had so far espoused the IT-Framework and have reported greater achievement of low inflation rate. Majority of these countries mainly from Latin America, East Asia and United Kingdom had experienced high bout of inflation and financial crises exacerbated by their former monetary policy regimes. These not only resulted to sacrificing output and employment but als o resulted to severe increase in international capital flow leading to a switch to floating exchange rate. 1.1 Historical Background In relation to many other African countries, the monetary policy and financial institutions of Kenya has developed rapidly within the last two decades and probably more advanced than other countries at a similar stage of underdevelopment. Kenya opened its own Central Bank in September 1966 with the hope that, it would at least generate secondary expansion by facilitating the creation of bank credit and accelerate the process of monetization of the economys subsistence sector, in spite, of its openness and sensitivity to fluctuations of primary commodities. The next decade following the establishment of her Central Bank witnessed interesting changes in Kenyas monetary and banking policies as the oil shock of 1973 created inflexibility in the foreign exchange reserves as they declined considerably. Hence, the magnitude and speed of reduction in credit expansion were not adequate to show the decline in foreign exchange reserves. In fact, the fear that tight monetary policy induced from outside could hamper the rate of development at home led to feeble corrective measures such as restraining inflation impact due to price boom of exports, which coincided with expansionary monetary policy under a low profile of interest rates. In the early 1980s and 1990s Kenya experienced high inflation resulting from a prolonged spell of drought and political instability that resulted from introduction of a multiparty system in the Kenyan political history in late 1980 and also general elections followed later in 1992. Besides, in 2002, the growth per capita was negative due to high corruption of the highly ranked government official and political interferences of major decision-making organs of government including the Central Bank of Kenya, as it could not carry out its mandate freely. In the year 2008, Kenya faced another dark moment in terms of its political stability as the whole country went into turmoil due to the highly disputed general elections of 2007. The once giant of East African countries went down into ashes and major sectors of the economy especially the financial sector got hurt the most. Since then, it has been very difficult for the resurgence of economic stability, political stability and financial i nstitution even after the power brokering that gave birth to a coalition government in that same year. However, in late 2010, the coalition government of Kenya gave hopes to recovery of major sectors of the economy when the New Constitution unanimously voted into existence in a referendum. This Constitution has brought about major reforms in the financial and political arenas more specifically in the Central Bank of Kenya as per se; hence, major changes are expected to be instituted by CBK for an effective and independent monetary policy conduct. 1.1.2 Road map of Kenya towards adoption of ITF 1.1.2a) Central Bank of Kenya main policy objective The amended Central Bank of Kenya Act of 1996, CAP 491(4) permitted the Banks operational autonomy in the conduct of monetary policy and mandated price stability as one of its primary objectives through formulation and implementation of such principal object of the bank, thus, promoting the long-term goal of economic growth. In fact, the Central Bank of Kenya does not announce an inflation target; instead, it uses money growth reserve as her main nominal anchor of which the repo rate forms its main operational target. It is in this perspective that the CBK monitor and control inflation rate through interest rate transmission channel as a way of conducting monetary policy. Apart from the main objective that is price stability, the Bank has a mandate to balance its inflation goals against other goals such as exchange rate stability and promotion of liquidity, solvency and steady-market back up while ensuring equilibrium in domestic and external payments. 1.1.2b) Central Bank of Kenya attributes that favor ITF adoption The Bank like any other bank of its caliber is mandated by the legislation to carry out its objectives in a more coherent and consistent manner without any external interference, thereby commanding greater central bank independence. The Old Constitution of the Republic Kenya of (1963) and Newly Promulgated Constitution of the Republic Kenya of (2010) have further strengthened the Banks Act, thereby, empowering the bank to carry its main objective without political interferences and curbing time-inconsistency trap. The appointment and removal of the CEO of the Bank (governor) and his/her deputy rest with the president discretion for a period of four years term in office unless stated otherwise. In connection to the governor term of office termination, the president has a directive to appoint a tribunal comprised consisting of a chairperson and two members who hold offices in High Court or Court of Appeal. This tribunal enquires on matters related to termination of such appointments and make recommendation to the president. Nevertheless, these might undermine the Banks credibility in upholding autonomy in case the termination of the governor might be unlawfully since the appointing authority might compromise the tribunal to favor his/her decision. In conformity with the Act CAP (491), the MPC is hereby required to forward a report at least every six month to the Minister detailing all dealings the bank is undertaking hence the Minister shall table the MPC report before the Parliament for further amendment and deliberations. The Bank is exempted from any taxation whatsoever in respect to losses or profits. The Banks books of records and financial statements subjected for auditing by the Controller and Auditor General only if the Minister of Finance deems it appropriate for such auditing. Both Governor and Deputy Governor are indebted to adhere to the bank in totality and prohibited from engaging in any other paid businesses, professional activities or employment while still in office. These is in agreement with majority of literature such as (Klomp and Haan 2008) who based their idea on Cukierman Index which states the following inherent features for a central bank to be termed as more independent: (i) if the governor appointing authority rest with BOG rather than the president, is not prone to relieve of his/her duty, and has a longer tenure in office. (ii), if the government has no tendency to interfere with banks conduct of business, for example, in policy formulation and implementation; if there is a greater independence be it of legal instruments or goal instruments; and also if the government has no capacity to borrow from the bank. (iii) last but not least, if the bank main objective is price stability. 1.1.2c) Economic Independence of CBK Kenya has also experienced tremendous financial innovations intensifying greater implications to monetary policy transmission mechanism. The Bank is empowered to act as a fiscal agent of the government or any public entity. Similarly, the advance made by bank to the government is supposed to be secured with securities issued by government, of which are supposed to mature before twelve months, bears interest at market rate, and are advanced for a short-term period to the government. In compliance with the statute, the CBK has an authority to grant loans and advances not exceeding three years in fixed period to government as a Deposit Protection Fund Board (DPFB), while the bank has mandate to lend or give credit to public entity, although, it is limited in extending such credits. The main interest is built on the various chief features associated with the introduction of inflation targeting framework by most of the Central Banks of both developed economies and transitional economies around the world; borrowing heavily from various aspects of literature that have analyzed greatly the development of this framework in order to determine the viability of the framework in low income countries such as Kenya. indeed, little has been done in A model specific to the needs of Kenya will be developed while building a general structure within the framework of an ITF so as to distinguish between group characteristics of the inflation-targeting and non-targeting central banks since its inception, and the relationship between various variables mentioned in the hypothesis. In addition, the paper depicts lessons learned by countries that have already adopted the strict ITF since 1990s. What become apparent evident in process of this review, however, is that several contributory problems must first be solved before forming an informed judgment on the likelihood of low-income countries embracing the framework. The first of these problems is whether there are impetus and aspect linked with decisions to move from a specific monetary practice to another. Second problem revolves around the feasibility of other policy designs of monetary policy such as exchange rate regime and central bank independence Third problem will address chief pitfalls that could prevent low-income countries from embracing this policy design. The study hypotheses investigates the relationship between conditions that lead to adoption of inflation targeting framework in developed economies and examine if these pre conditions have a replicate effect in low income countries. The other parts of the paper shall be structured as follows: In section II, assess modification of monetary policy conduct under ITF by various developing countries central banks, the cons and pros of shifting to such strategy. In section III evaluate the exchange rate transition and its role to inflation targeting framework more specifically the following interrelated issues will be taken into considerations: the role of nominal exchange rate it plays as a nominal anchor, the costs associated with the real exchange rate overvaluation; and the approach for exiting the pegged exchange rate. Section IV reviews the role of the central bank independence since it forms the core tenet of conjecture that is built around the inflation targeting framework.Likewise, other contributory factors to embracing the framework will be captured in this Section. The paper concludes with the policy recommendation and the way forward. 1.3 General Salient features, Implementation and Experience A better strategy for monetary policy is built on the following inherent characteristics as summarized by Svensson Lars 1997; Friedman, 1990; McCallum, 1990 that is, it is supposedly to be highly correlated with the goal and has a tendency to be controlled by central bank with much ease than the goal itself. Similarly, the public and the central bank should be able to comply to it with much ease than the goal. In addition, transparency is of greater importance in terms of the efficiency and effectiveness of the bank communicating to the public its objective and procedure of conducting its monetary stance. Literature from (Bernanke and Mishkin 1997), Bernanke et al. (1999) and (Svensson Lars 1997) has vehemently mentioned various elements that form this framework which includes. First, price stability is formally chosen as the main intent of monetary policy, which indicates the monetary stance and the central banks principle of appraising its performance. Second, the central bank issues a declaration, which categorically states the numerical target for inflation within a specific, horizon-thus the bank has the latent to lessen the possibilities of falling into time inconsistency trap in carrying out its primary goal. Third, either the government can opt to choose the target, independently or collectively with the central bank, which is associated with appropriate changes in the central banks law thus enhancing instrument independence of the institution in achieving its target. Fourth, the ITF promotes high transparency in the conduct of monetary policy thus enabling flow of information from the central bank to the public and government. Svensson Lars (1997) stated that, when the authority anticipate the policy target deviation, the strategy should be attuned in such a way it is neither contractionary nor is it expansionary in accordance with keeping the policy on target. On this background, the IT-framework work best in forecasting future inflation, that is, the relevant information for forecasting monetary policy is of greater importance in predicting future inflation. Indeed, this transparency of inflation targeting forms a better juncture in terms of motivating and focusing the activities insi de the central bank. More so, there is high tendency of central bank accountability, which is often outlined in case of breach of inflation target, meaning it helps in clarifying what the central bank is capable and incapable for it to be accountable. Although, inflation targeting has proved to be the best modern strategy it does not lack some criticism or problems that characterizes it in terms of implementation and monitoring. For instance Svensson Lars (1997) has described some of the inherent problems that makes this strategy ineffective, which includes: central banks inability to restrain inflation due to the fact that, previous decisions and contracts play a vital role in determining current inflation. In other words, the authority can only have power over the future inflation. In addition, monitoring and evaluation of monetary policy by public faces a greater set back due to the inadequate control of inflation. CHARPTER TWO 32.0 Literature Review A large body of literature has been developed to analyze the effectiveness of an explicit numerical anchor since such framework was adopted in early 1990s. There exists a large number of literatures on major development of Inflation Targeting Framework since its inception in developed countries and emerging economies. However, there is little development in low-income countries in regards to adoption and implementation of this framework varies greatly in most of these countries because of lack of a well-developed financial market, inadequate fiscal position, political interferences and also lack of market integration in majority of them thus posing a bigger challenge to welcoming this framework as a way of monetary policy conduct. Therefore, the section borrows heavily from past studies that have since been done in order to demarcate the gaps that have made the framework ineffective. 3.1 Transition to Inflation Targeting Framework: Central Bank of Kenya In the past decades, the monetary policy encountered by most of the emerging markets economies has been depressing, these resulted to extreme periods of monetary instability, vacillating from high inflation, to colossal capital flight, and thereby led to downfall of many financial systems. However, the forecast for successful monetary policy in the majority of countries in transition have so far been augmented. This has been typified by considerable decline of inflation rate in Latin America region as an example of an emerging region, which dramatically fell from an average of above 400% in 1989 to less than 10% (Mishkin Savastano, 2001) According to Morande and Schmidt-Hebbel (997), this objective of inflation control has been interpreted by public as formal targets or hard targets. Thus enables the central bank to be more accountable by explicitly announcing a multi-year target for inflation. Downs and Vaez-Zadeh (1990) declared that during the transition it is not possible to forecast market behavior..[s]ince the old money-model is bound to be obsolete and perhaps of little use (318). Indeed, the old fashioned regime of money-growth targeting framework has proved inefficient in the recent past, although the Central Bank of Kenya has been able to maintain inflation rate as low as possible. Above all, the de-regulation of economic activities in the early 1990s marked a major landmark in the conduct of monetary policy in Kenya in terms of objectives, instruments and institutional framework. Mwega 1990(a) developed a model that sought to explain the changes in the CPI Growth e.g. real income (T) changes, changes in money supply (M2), changes in import prices and changes in previous years inflation rates (Pt-1) were the expansionary variables. In these results, he found money supply to be a significant determinant of inflation. Similar study was done by Ndungu (1993) where he did a comprehensive study on the dynamics of the inflationary process in Kenya for the period 1970-1991. He used a monetarist model, named the error correction form of model and empirically showed monetary growth, interest rates changes, real income growth and excess money printing which were significant determinants of inflation in Kenya assuming a closed economy. When he included the external economy, he found the exchange rate had a significant effect on the domestic price level. The results of his study indicated inappropriate government policies (monetary and fiscal) resulted lack of control of inflation especially in 1980-1990 where inflation level escalated. Mishkin and Schmidt-Hebbel (2007) in there panel data analysis comprising of both inflation-targeting industrial countries and non-inflation targeting industrial countries, argued that ITF has helped these countries in achieving stable inflation rate in the long-run where they are attributable in oil-prices and exchange rate shocks, and that are associated with strengthening of monetary policy independence and enhanced policy efficiency. Taguchi and Kato (2010) assessed the performance of the IT in East Asian economies where they adopted a co-integration approach between money and inflation. The estimation results were that, the ITF in the sample of few selected economies, except for Philippines, proved to work well as an anchor for controlling inflation through speeding up price adjustments (stabilizing inflationary expectations) against money supply in the context of floating exchange rate. Similarly, they argued that, well-functioning inflation targeting framework was consistent with enhanced monetary autonomy under the post-crisis floating exchange rate. Aizenman and Hutchison (2008) used a simple empirical model where they estimated panel data for 17 emerging markets for both inflation-targeters and non-inflation targeters and concluded that there was a stable inflation response running from inflation to policy interest rates for inflation-targeters in emerging markets who have anchored their inflation than in non-inflation targeters whose central banks respond less in such markets. Similarly, they argued that the response to real exchange rate was much stronger in non-IT countries, however, suggesting that policymakers are more constrained in the IT regime where they attempt to target both inflation and real exchange rate and these objectives are not always consistent. 2.2 An overview of the exchange rate transition and its role in ITF The Central Bank of Kenya policy objectives have been to protract an exchange rate that will ensure international competiveness while maintaining domestic rate of inflation at low levels through conduct of strict monetary stance. Calvo and Reinhard (2002) argued that Majority of emerging markets are facing problem in performing inflation targeting due to various issues of how to manage the exchange rate under the condition that their external debt is primarily denominated in U.S. dollars. Therefore, the idea of this framework is believed to work best under floating exchange rate regime.Hence, inflation targeting framework as a monetary policy strategy becomes unrealizable in majority of this countries due to too much concern towards exchange rate volatility. In recent times, countries with fixed exchange rate have a tendency to fix their domestic currency value to countries whose main objective is to anchor their inflation in readiness to keep inflation rate in check. Most of the countries that have adopted a crawling target or peg their currency tend to devalue at a firm rate in order to keep their inflation rate low vis a vis their counterpart anchoring countries. These periods marked a milestone that foresaw an accelerated money supply growth and high inflation, but at the same time there was a move to speed up economic reforms and accelerate the pace of liberalization. An exchange rate regime makes central bank quite accountable because it has clear-cut goals [b]ut can actually weaken accountability of the Central Banks in emerging- markets countries, by eliminating important signal that can help keep monetary policy from becoming too expansionary (Blejer, creb, 1999, p. 41).Also, for the same reasons described in (Mishkin, 1999a) exchange rate targeting can promote financial fragility and lead to foreign exchange crises that can also lead to full-fledged financial crises with disastrous consequences for the economy(Cited by Blejer creb, p.50) .Hence, a continuous adherence of exchange rate regime is probable to have far-reaching impact of economic sluggishness and exacerbate redundancy in the economy, which is exactly what Kenya has exper ienced in the past. Therefore, the Central Bank should move more assertively by provision of an extra credibility, where policy easing is desired to prevent output reductions, without igniting fears of renewed inflation. Mishkin Savastano ( 2001) acknowledged that [t]here are three broad monetary policy strategies that can produce an explicit nominor anchor that credibly constrains the discretion of the central bank over the medium : hard exchange-rate pegs, monetary targeting, and inflation targeting. In spite of this, majority of industiralized economies, notably the United States, have used a more or less the same strategy of anchoring inflation. However, it does not explicitly anchor inflation but it implicitly anchor its inflation. a monetary policy with an implicit but not an explicit nominal anchor sought of monetary policy strategy to achieve macro-economic goals. Whereas, the three monetary policy strategies have enabled emerging economies to set up institutions and mechanisms that have effectively and efficiently constrained the discretion of their monetary authorities; their suitability to conditions in different markets differs according to each strategy that is adopted by each country. Reinhart and Rogoff (2004) declared that, Developing countries central banks tend to pursue exchange rate targets that considerably are more deterministic than their official pronouncements.[while] a managed floater might be operating a fixed exchange rate or a crawling peg for extended periods. Likewise, Kenya has undergone myriad exchange rate regimes in the past mostly driven by various economic cycles, and chiefly the balance of payments deficit. For instance, up to 1974, the exchange rate was pegged to the dollar, but later the devaluation of the currency resulted to a change of the peg to the SDR.1 from 1974-1984 period. This regime lasted until 1990 when a dual exchange rate system was adopted that lasted till October 1993 when, after a series of devaluations, the official exchange rate was abolished. (Mwega and Ndungu, 2001) acknowledged that Kenya adopted a unified and flexible exchange rate in the early 1990s, as part of a market-based reform program designed to improve the investment environment and spur economic growth(Cited by Ndungu, 2008). In addition, the (Kenyan Economic Survey, 1995) revealed that the nominal exchange rate suddenly depreciated by about 32%, moving to Ksh38 to the U.S dollar from Ksh 44 to the dollar, and inflation declined from 46% in 1993 to 28.8% in 1994 (as cited in Ndungu, 2000) as a result of shilling appreciating against dollar in 1995. 2.3 Central Bank Independence The literature on ITF in emerging market economies suggests that this monetary policy strategy should be adopted only if some institutional preconditions are met. One of them is Central Bank Independence. Many scholars have given much attention to the central bank autonomy and the role it plays in adopting ITF. Indeed, where central bank is autonomous from government interference it is likely to insulate itself from political pressures to finance government fiscal deficits, which can result to over-expansionary monetary policies that would lead to inflation above target. Cukierman, Webb and Neyapti (1992) constructed Central Bank Index that was designed in two folds that is, legal independence and turnover rate of governors, where both revolved around central bank charters and legislation and the relationship it has over the overall performance of the economy. This paper provides an overview of the mushrooming literature on authority autonomy and precision relating it to the mechanis ms through which central banks have in the past adopted greater openness, thereby, focusing more on the role they play in adoption and effective implementation of inflation targeting framework. (Klomp and De Haan, 2010) used a random coefficient model and they estimated a sample of more than 100 countries to re-examine the relationship between CBI (measured by both governors TOR and central bank legal indicator) and inflation. They found Central Bank Index to be negatively insignificant with the level of inflation rate of country specific. Most literatures in developing countries have focused on de facto independence as a proxy of CBI that is governors turnover rate. Studies of Cukierman, Webb and Neyapti (1992) stated that the average and variance of inflation has a negative correlation to governors turnover rate in most of the developing. This is due to the fact that, majority of studies has expressed doubts over the reliability of most of indicators used to construct Central Bank Independence indices. Indeed, there exist a greater divergence when it comes to categorization of indicators used to measure CBI incase of high income countries, emerging countries and low income countries. Cukierman,1994 and Eijffinger and De Haan (1996) have categorically contended that, the CBI indices in majority of high income countries are arises from central banks laws interpretation and are of great concern to legal independence indicator, whereas, in developing countries de facto independence indicators form the main measure of central bank independence. Axel Dreher, Jan-Egbert Sturm, Jakob de Haan (2010) used a data set comprising of eighty-eight countries term of office of central banks governors since 1975-2005. They used logit model to test the likelihood central bank governor term of tenure geting terminated before their legal term in office expires. According to their results, the probability of a TOR as a measure of CBI tend to soar under certain condtions which includes: unstable political system, undue elapse of governor term of service in office and during elections period in self-governing countries. Accordingly, they indicated in their hypothesis that there was a higher chance of the governors getting replaced if there was huge drop out of veto players from the government. Alex, Webb and Bilin (1992)) developed legal independence where they mentioned some of the intrinsic features such as the degree of independence that the authority should bestow to the Bank, and lone dependence on legal component of independence. Beside s, the legal independence is significant in ascertaining inflation rate in developed economies. Whereas, turnover rate of governors forms a better turning point of inflation determination in developing countries. Likewise they argued that, in cases where governor legal term of office is shorter than that of government CBI is likely to be compromised by the government, thereby, resulting to increased TOR. More over, the governor is likely to be susceptible from government influence thereby derailing long-term objective of policy formation and implementation under the pretext of political pressure especially during election periods. (Kuttner Kenneth, Posen Adam 2010), took the same direction and indicated that undue appointment of governor in office result to construed information to the bank in terms of carrying out its primary objective of price stability. For instance, unjustifiable appointment of governor under low inflation periods may reinforce the exchange rate, while the opposite is always true. Since governors appointment seem to contain valuable information regarding the exchange rate and inflation rate. Gutierrez (2003) indicated that CBI has positieve impact in reducing the chances of governments incurring budget deficits through quasi-fiscal activities. Since such activities can be understood on their inflationary impacts. Posen and Kuttner (2010) estimated the effect of legal appointment of governor to office exchange rates and bond yield and argued that the main test was to verify the scope to which markets observe that the next governor will bring a swing in policy, whereby he/she is expected to determine the bearing of such swing. This is in conformity with the fact that, the news conveyed may favour either one side due to markets reaction after such appointment. 2.4 Financial Institutions Another important prerequisite for successful ITF stressed by the literature is a healthy financial and banking system. Several reasons can be advanced to explain the great importance of well-functioning financial system under inflation targeting framework. First, a sound financial system is essential to guarantee an efficient transmission of monetary policy through the interest rate channel which forms the major channel through which the CBK carries out its main objective of price stability, and more specifically forms an enabling environment of smooth exchange and provision of credit. Second, according to Mishkin (2004), a weak banking sector is potentially problematic to achieve inflation target, because the central bank would be hesitant to raise short-term interest rates for fear that this will impact the profitability of banks and lead to a collapse of the financial system. Third, countries characterized by weak financial institutions are more vulnerable to a sudden stop of cap ital outflows, causing a sharp depreciation of the exchange rate which leads to upward pressures on the inflation rate (Mishkin, 2004). Fourth, a consequence of lack of large domestic capital markets is an important accumulation of foreign currency external liabilities by firms, households and the government, while their assets are denominated in domestic currency. This liability dollarization makes the financial system more vulnerable to a depreciation of the domestic currency9 by reducing the net worth of borrowers through a balance sheets effect Finally, as outlined in (Woo 2003), a well-developed domestic capital market enables the public treasury to diversify its sources of funds (e.g. by issuing bonds), and then reduces incentive to finance public deficits through inflation. Moreover, (Cukierman 1992) argues that the degree of financial depth is positively correlated with the level of CBI, in the sense that broad financial markets are more likely to grant their central bank more independence in order to avoid potential disruptions in the process of financial intermediation. Lucotte, (2010 argues that for any monetary policy strategy, a sound financial system in essential to guarantee efficient transmission of monetary policy through interest rate channel, but also through credit channel. (Mishkin, 2004) declared that unhealthy financial system can result to problems in case of embracing the scheme since CB tend to raise interest in the short term for fear of collapse of financial systems. He also argues that exchange rate sharply depreciate due to huge capital outflow thus exacerbating upward pressure on the inflation rate. 2.5 Political institutions Eijffinger and De Haan, ((1996) noted that, a positive relationship between party political instability and CBI has been reinforced by current politicians in office who anticipate a greater downfall in terms of losing their position in an election, thus, they tend to delegate authority to central bank in order to constrain the future government, that is restrict the range of policy actions available. Similarly, according to findings of (Cukierman, 1992) Influence of Political Stability countries experiencing political stability leads to a more independent central bank. The results showed that political parties instabilities have a positive relation with CBI, whereas a high level political party instability has a negative relationship with CBI. The political arena is of greater importance in arriving to the conclusion as to why most countries experiencing high bout of inflation tend to be characterized by high level of political instability. The main contribution is to examine whether the political institutions have embarked on strengthening and supporting the democratic space in terms of political participation, democracy, accountability and openness in government. 2.6 Fiscal Positions CHARPTER THREE 3.0 Methodology This paper will focus more specifically on various institutional arrangements focusing primarily on the central bank autonomy, financial institutions, fiscal position, political institutions and also macro-economic variables. In order to underscore the effect of ITF, it is also important to note that, most of the emerging economies that have already anchored their monetary strategy using this framework have a very short experience with regard to its implementation; therefore, the analysis will focus on those countries with more than two years of operation by the end of 2009. Similarly, since the data used in these paper is largely secondary data it varies greatly due to various factors associated to country specific, for example, political upheavals that may have derailed data collection; re-organization of governments from former regimes these is mainly related to former soviet union countries which disintegrated in 1990s. 3.1 Data coverage and sources The Panel dataset covers thirty-nine developed economies, emerging markets and developing economies comprising of those markets that have targeted their monetary policy and those that are yet to target for the period ranging from 1980-2009. This is because it is easier to establish the effectiveness of the framework since the first country anchored its monetary policy in late 1980s. See appendix for further variable specific description 3.2 Variable Specification 3.2.1 Exogenous variable This paper is built on a half year rule in deciding the actual date that the inflation targeting countries adopted the framework. Therefore, the first six months of the year will be taken as the actual year of adoption and the second six months of the year will be captured in the year that follows and will be recognized as the year of inflation targeting adoption. 3.2.2 Endogenous Variables I. Institutional Indicators Institutional indicators have been highly used by various scholars and countries targeting inflation in determining the preference or probability of shifting their former monetary stance to inflation targeting framework. The variables of importance will be categorized into four broad indicators each proxied with variable of interest to be analyzed at a later stage. Central Bank Independence Index proxied by both legal independence index and governors turnover rate forms the first institutional indicator of interest. This paper is built on the indices of Cukierman et al (1992); Crowe, C. and Ellen E. Meade (2007); Kuttner and Posen (2001); Grilli, et al (GMT)(1992) it will take a diferent appraoch. I use their more or less methodology of arriving at the legal independence index by constructing a dummy variable of CBI guided by the following six broad questions: first, what is the authority primary objective of monetary policy conduct? Second, who is responsible in the appointment procedures of the chief executive of the authority? Third, The Turnover rate of the Governors forms an inverse relationship of central bank autonomy where it is assumed that a high turnover rate is good indicator of fragile central bank sovereignty. Therefore, Cukierman et al (1992) derivation of the TOR will form the focal point of this paper and the expected sign is negatively related to the likelihood of adopting ITF. Political stability variable forms a larger part in determining the probability of countries anchoring their inflation rate, in particular, the developing countries where democracy is highly undermined by few political elite. Beck et al (2001) constructed a dataset called Polity IV project to measure institutional political stability using databases of DPI. However, the Polity IV project is further reconstructed to Polity2 Index. Similarly, the focus is democratic score and autocratic score used to derive this index by deducting both score.Hence for the sake of this paper, a democratic score dummy will be indicated by 1 if a country is more democratic or zero otherwise. The same applies to autocratic score dummy where it will take a value of 1 if a country is very autocratic or zero otherwise. The exchange rate regime forms the third institutional indicator variable. Many proponent of international finance have classified exchange rate regime into both de jure exchange rate(according to law), which basically captures central banks official commitment to policy, however, it lack proper mechanism for actual policy control. The other classification of exchange rate regime is the de facto exchange rate (by existence) and it monitors the exchange rate movement, however, it lacks the intended compositional characteristics. The IMFs AnnualReport on Exchange Arrangement and Exchange Restrictions classified the exchange rate regime into nine categories and further re-classified the same into three folds namely: 1)floating exchange rate comprised of free floating, managed floating. 2) An intermediate floating comprising of basket pegging, crawling pegging and band arrangement 3) fixed exchange rate comprised of hard pegging and currency board. For the purpose of this paper, I will employ the de jure exchange rate classification where I will construct a dummy variable, which will take the value of 1 if a country is under floating exchange rate or zero otherwise. Since the interest is built on the impact of the exchange rate regime towards country specific shifting to another monetary policy strategy. The sign of coefficient is expected to be positive, that is, the more flexible exchange rates the higher the chances of a country to adopt the framework. II. Macro-economic Structure variables The Financial Development variable forms the first macro-economic structural indicator of in interest. Therefore, it is of great importance to countries forging the way forward in case of adopting this strategy since it gives authority credibility to meet their intended objectives. Although, there are many indicators that have been used to test financial depth of various countries private credit ratio to GDP will form my indicator. I expect a positive coefficient that categorically states that, strong financial depth provides high probability of countries adopting this framework. Second, trade openness which is the ratio of exports plus imports of goods and services to nominal GDP is used as an alternative to evaluate the extent of exposure to external shocks. This is because it has a direct relationship with the exchange rate regime hence a fixed exchange rate makes a country to be vulnerable to external shocks due to pressure of sustaining such regime. This variable has a positive relationship with the likelihood of adopting inflation targeting. Third, Financial openness proxied by the ratio of external government debt to nominal GDP measures the financial openness of a country. Countries characterized with greater financial openness compel authority responsible of conducting monetary policy to inauspicious environment in the conduct of their business. Therefore, financial openness has an inverse relationship with the discretion of adopting inflation targeting framework. The fourth measure of macroeconomic structure is fiscal balancewhich is typified by two aspects, that is,government balance to GDP ratio and current account to nominal GDP ratios. The presumption is that, those countries that are highly characterized by government fiscal imbalances are conceived to command low levels of reliability. The variables in consideration are supposed to be positively related with ITF. III. Control variables: Third macroeconomic variable to be included in the model will be the log of GDP per capita (ln_GDP), which measures the variation in the level of economic development involving countries. Has a positive sign of coefficient to inflation targeting. Fourth Variable is the nominalized inflation rate (INF_N) hence the sign is expected to be negative. A normalized inflation is important in case of controlling weight of hyperinflation and it should be lagged two periods to avoid a potential simultaneity between inflation targeting and inflation level. Empirical methodology This paper aim at protracting logit model estimation in order to arrive at the choices facing various countries in particular developing countries in adopting inflation targeting. Moreover, the will 3.1.1 Panel data logit regression model Due to the nature of the exogenous variable (I.e. binary exogenous variable) given as ITit where it takes a value of 1 if a country specific is inflation targeting and 0 otherwise. Subscripts i=1N is the cross section dimension; t=1T both representing country specific and years respectively. it is the constant term. The white noise term is specified as it=it+it where it designate unnoticed country-specific effects, whereas it is the random error. it ~ IN(0, 2) is an assumption of random effects logit model specification. IT it-2= it + INSTit + INF (-2)it+ Xit + it it ~ IN(0, 2) The independent variables include institutional framework denoted as (INSTit) and comprises of various institutional variables comprised of: first, Central Bank Independence indices measured in this analysis by the turnover rate of central bank governors and legal independence of central banks. 3.1.2 The Inflation approach These section is built on both panel and cross-sectional approach, where the exogenous variable is nominal inflation rate variable. The independent variables arises from control variables comprised of trade openness, Log of GDP per Capita, dummy Exchange rate regime, proxy of current account to GDP ratio, and Polity2 index as a proxy of political instability. Under this section the variables under consideration will be grouped in three periods 1980-89, 1990-99 and 2000-2009, each is made up of at least ten years. I also include a dummy Inflation Targeting Framework (ITFt-2) in lag of two years in order to capture the marginal effect of the framework towards inflation rate for inflation targeting countries or zero otherwise. See Appendix VI, Table6 for further variable specific explanations 3.3 Data The sample of IT countries is composed of Australia, Brazil, Colombia, Canada, Czech Republic, Chile, Guatemala, Ghana, Hungary, Israel, Mexico, Peru, Philippines, Poland, S. Africa, S. Korea, Thailand, Finland, Norway, Spain, Sweden, New Zealand, Iceland, and United Kingdom. Whereas, Non-IT countries includes: Bulgaria, Belgium, Egypt, Nigeria, Kenya, Dominic Republic, Ireland, Argentina, Morocco, Cape Verde, Equatorial Guinea, Honduras, Luxembourg, Netherlands ,and Greece. Difference in majority of literature on the actual dates and number of countries that have so far adopted ITF (eg Kuttner and Posen 2001) Peru IT regime to January 1993 vis a vis (Mish kin and Schmidt-Hebbel 2001) and Bank of Peru date it to January 1994 and January 2002). This paper will stress the (Levya 2008) countries IT classification by the end of 2005 exclusive of Ghana which adopted ITF in 2007 and Turkey (2006). 3.4 Estimating Results 4.0 Conclusion The main analysis of this study will exhaust major avenues that have led many countries shifting their former monetary strategy to inflation targeting framework paying attention to emerging markets and developing countries. Factors such as institutional arrangement and macroeconomic variables that have been considered in this paper have a high likelihood of countrys decision to embrace the ITF. The findings of my analysis using probit regression model have indicated that CBI has a positive relationship of a country specific adopting the framework this clearly states the need of major central bank to be fully independent before they embrace the framework. Similarly, market capitalization is one of the indicators of financial development of a country hence it is clear that, countries need to have strong financial institutions before switching to this framework. The Log of Real GDP per capita is significantly associated with the choice of inflation targeting hence a good precedent of im proving overall economic performance; it is also consistent with the fact that the rationale behind adopting ITF is to improve economic performance. The regressions results also indicate that majority of countries with floating exchange rate stand a high probability of embracing ITF. (Hu, 2003), found the negative effect of inflation over the chances of adopting the ITF be unforeseen, which is consistent with this analysis. In fear of losing public credibility, the central bank is more likely to adopt inflation targeting when inflation rates are low, which makes the targeted inflation rate easier to achieve. This is because most central banks are unwillingly to adopt inflation targeting during high bout of inflation that might undermine their credibility. Strong financial development variables are found to play a key role in determining the likelihood of developing countries adopting ITF under various regression specifications. 4.1 Policy Recommendation Inflation targeting offers a coherent framework for the conduct of monetary policy, not only for industrialized and established emerging market economies but also, with some modification, for pre-emerging market economies such as Kenya with the dominant view that the basic architecture of the formal inflation-target framework is sound and is likely to remain in place in the future. The instruments independence, in which the central bank controls monetary policy instruments, should be insulated from short-run political pressures that may lead it to time-inconsistency trap thus producing bad long-run outcomes. In addition, the central banks long-run preferences should coincide with societys preferences that suggest a goal dependent central bank, and a transparency of policy associated with inflation-targeting that is intended to central bank highly accountable to the public.

The Health Related Issue Bipolar Disease - 1049 Words

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History of the Death Penalty - 517 Words

Beheading? Firing Squad? Hanging? Falling from a height? All forms of the death penalty. Not only do they have the death penalty in America but also in other places like Britain, Saudi Arabia, Iran and many other places. The first death penalty laws go way back to the eighteenth century, in Babylon. In the tenth century hanging was the major execution style, later in this century William the Conqueror did not allow people to be hanged for any reason unless in times of war, that didn’t last. The American system of capital punishment comes from the British law. In America it mainly started in the ancient western. They encouraged people to seek retribution by killing their offenders; they also started listing what crimes would be reasons to use the death penalty. Around the 17th century government leaders realized crimes harm society and became more involved in controlling and punishing crimes. Laws focused more on keeping peace in society than serving justice. In the ancient Gr eco-Roman time, the prime reason for execution was to punish those who attacked the religion of the state. Throughout this era, punishment was violent and often means of inflicting torture along with death. During the middle ages it became very important to justify punishing and convicted criminals by making sure they were guilty. The usual methods of determining guilt or innocence at the time were trial by battle, the ordeal and compurgation. Trial by battle pitted the offender and the victim,Show MoreRelatedHistory of the Death Penalty1652 Words   |  7 PagesForms of the Death Penalty Ancient China - First established death penalty laws 18th century BCE - Code of king Hammurabi of Babylon - Earliest form of unified system of justice. 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Cujo Essay Research Paper The story starts free essay sample

Cujo Essay, Research Paper The narrative starts with a small coney peeping its caput out of a hole in the land. It bounds through the wood and emerges in a hayfield where it sits up on its back terminal to look around. Then a Saint Bernard ( Cujo ) appears and chases it about, finally into a cavernous hole in the land. Cujo sticks his caput into the hole and barks, upseting the chiropterans who have roosted in there for the twenty-four hours. They fly about and screech and one lands on Cujo # 8217 ; s neb and gnaws on him for awhile. Now we go to the large Trenton house. Tad, the boy, has a job with his cupboard door starting unfastened. He closes it, so shuts off the light and makes a huffy elan across the room for the bed. He stares at his cupboard door, it opens, and he screams. Vic and Donna come in to soothe him. Tad insists he saw the monster. Ma and Dad say there # 8217 ; s no such thing as existent monsters. After they go back to bed, Tad says, # 8220 ; Except in my cupboard. Please, please, please. # 8221 ; The following forenoon, everything that International Relations and Security Network # 8217 ; T nailed down is piled in forepart of Tad # 8217 ; s closet door. Steve Kemp comes in and cadgers off the Trentons. On the telecasting is an advertizement for Sharp # 8217 ; s cereal, a professor who says, # 8220 ; Nothing incorrectly here! # 8221 ; Vic works for an advertisement house, and the professor is one of his creative activities. Vic and Kemp play tennis, and Kemp loses. Vic says, # 8220 ; You aren # 8217 ; t acquiring tired of this, are ya? # 8221 ; Kemp answers, # 8220 ; What, are you pull the leg ofing me? Geting my buttocks handed to me every hebdomad? No, I love it. I # 8217 ; m a masochist. # 8221 ; # 8220 ; Well, whatever turns you on, # 8221 ; says Vic. Cut to Kemp playing his trombone ( literally, non figuratively ) in bed with Donna Trenton. Donna puts on her underwear and goes place. At dinner that dark, Vic suggests they have another child because they # 8217 ; ve run out of material to speak about. Vic takes his auto into the store with some ailment about a front wheel. He wants it fixed while he waits, which the machinist won # 8217 ; t do. The postman suggests he take it out to Joe Camber. Vic does, and he takes Donna and Tad with him. Donna wanders in forepart of the house, where Charity Camber is tweaking a dead poulet. Then she sees Cujo joging into the barnyard and runs over to snap up Tad. The Cambers # 8217 ; boy Brett says it # 8217 ; s all right, and finally Donna gets a clasp and lets Tad down to pet the Canis familiaris. That dark Vic makes the unit of ammunitions in Tad # 8217 ; s room, stating some unusual conjuration to guard off monsters. It seems to do Tad experience better. The following twenty-four hours the intelligence says that 1000s of people reported internal hemorrhaging after eating Sharp # 8217 ; s cereal. The cereal was recalled, but it turned out childs were merely # 8220 ; making and vomiting # 8221 ; ruddy dye. Vic is confronting a crisis a t work, though. Joe is utilizing some loud equipment. Cujo looks at him and jog off. Donna goes to see Kemp to interrupt off their matter. He acts resigned, but so pursuits after her. Vic thrusts by and sees Kemp catching her by the auto. He goes back, but they # 8217 ; re gone. Donna picks up Tad from cantonment. The auto has some serious jobs on the manner place. Vic is home early and asks what she did that twenty-four hours ; she claims food markets, errands, the usual. Joe comes winging up the thrust and grinds to a arrest in his noisy truck. Cujo stalks off. Joe finds an engine hoist in the barn and storms into the house, cursing at Charity because they can # 8217 ; t afford it. She tells him she won $ 5,000 in the lottery, and she wants to take their boy to see her sister for a hebdomad. Joe is sing with his friend Gary ; they # 8217 ; re doing a batch of noise and Cujo is lying on the floor devising hard-pressed noises. Joe has decided to take off for a hebdomad of # 8220 ; broads, liquor, and baseball # 8221 ; and wants Gary to fall in him. Vic picks up Tad from camp early. Back at place, Donna # 8217 ; s gets a surprise visit from Kemp. He wants her dorsum, says # 8220 ; I miss touching you, # 8221 ; so proceeds to seek. He slides his manus up her frock and kisses her and when she eventually fends him off, he shoves her, which spills some milk and brings Vic and Tad into the kitchen. Kemp leaves. Vic looks at Donna and says, # 8220 ; Yes or no, # 8221 ; and she says, # 8220 ; Yes. # 8221 ; Vic tries to repair the Pinto and can # 8217 ; t. He # 8217 ; s traveling to be out of town for 10 yearss to seek to salve the Sharp # 8217 ; s history. He promises Tad to compose down the monster words so that Mommy can state them. Tad sleeps soundly with the monster words posted on his cupboard door. The following forenoon is really dazed at the Camber house. Brett hears some moaning-yelping-whining noises and goes out to name Cujo. After awhile he hears some barbarous growling, so he turns to run place and finds it # 8217 ; s Cujo behind him. Brett tries to comfort him, and Cujo stops grumbling and walks off into the fog. Vic forgot to take the Pinto to Joe # 8217 ; s, so Donna will hold to make it. As he drives off, Donna runs after him. She tells him that the matter is over, but she can # 8217 ; t make like it neer happened. He says he can # 8217 ; t either and drives off. Brett # 8217 ; s lading the auto for the trip. He tells his female parent, # 8220 ; I # 8217 ; m worried about Cujo. I saw him this forenoon in the fog and he was all bloody, he was dripping froth at the mouth. # 8221 ; He wants to state his male parent, but his female parent tells him he will make no such thing. Cujo is walking down the route. He shows up at Gary # 8217 ; s house and attacks him outdoors. Gary gets off and goes into the house, shuting and locking the screen door behind himself, but go forthing the big, solid wooden door broad open. He starts seeking to lade his gun, and Cujo starts rending down the screen. He gets in before Gary gets the gun loaded and kills him instead untidily. Meanwhile, at the Cambers # 8217 ; house, Joe is naming Cujo. He eventually gives up and dumps a fifty-pound bag of Canis familiaris nutrient into a bath. He goes to pick up Gary and sees the screen ripped off the door. He goes in and discoveries Gary # 8217 ; s organic structure. He so checks most of the land floor of the house, doing his manner to the phone. He picks it up and Cujo shows up. Joe takes one expression at him and says, # 8220 ; Cujo! Oh my God, you # 8217 ; re rabid. # 8221 ; If merely he hadn # 8217 ; t married such a idiot, he might hold lived longer. He throws the tabular a rray at Cujo, but it doesn # 8217 ; t purchase him much clip and the Canis familiaris gets him. Donna and Tad are singing happily as they drive out to Joe # 8217 ; s topographic point. # 8220 ; I think I # 8217 ; ll seize with teeth it, # 8221 ; Donna punctuates with a catch and snarl. The Pinto is ready to cack as they pull into the thrust. We get a position of them from the barn. Donna gets out, but Tad # 8217 ; s seat belt is stuck, so she leans in to assist. Although her unfastened door is on the barn # 8217 ; s side, Cujo has walked to the other side of the auto and jumps up against the rider door and lodge his caput through the partly unfastened window. Donna gets it rolled up and so closes her ain door. Tad produces a batch of noise, whining about the monster. Cujo is now on the windscreen. Donna blows the auto horn and he leaves. Now Tad is doing a batch of hysterical noise. Donna can # 8217 ; t acquire the auto started once more, and Tad laments repeatedly, # 8220 ; I wan na travel place! ! ! # 8221 ; The child has a serious set of lungs, and Cujo lies at a di stance and growls. Subsequently, Tad is much calmer, sitting in the dorsum of the auto drawing. Tad tells Donna to seek to get down the auto, and s he is able to acquire it traveling. Cujo comes running out at the sound. The pace is immense, but alternatively of doing one big bend and go forthing, Donna makes a short bend and so puts it in contrary. After she cusses at the Canis familiaris, the auto dies once more. Tad starts whining fearfully, â€Å"Can he acquire us in here? † ( We can merely trust. ) â€Å"Can he eat his manner in here? I wish he’d die.† Now it # 8217 ; s sundown, and Vic calls place, but at that place # 8217 ; s no reply. Back at the farm, Tad has to urinate, so Donna opens the door about a pes. Cujo # 8217 ; s lying straight in forepart of the auto. He looks at the watercourse of urine hitting the land, so the phone starts pealing in the house and he decides that # 8217 ; s more bothersome. He runs to the house, jumps at the door, and so leaps through the window right on the last ring. Then he lies down on the porch slathering and snarling. Dawn. Donna wakes up to happen Cujo watching her through the window and growling. Vic calls place once more. Donna opens the window, # 8220 ; for air, # 8221 ; about five inches. She notices a baseball chiropteran in the pace. She tries to get down the auto once more without fortune, so figures the postman will detect them. Back in town, the postman is heading out with a big bringing for Joe Camber, but one of the postal clerks reminds him of the mail clasp for that hebdomad. Telephone rings at Cambers # 8217 ; once more. Cujo runs and looks in its way, so turns and charges the auto, socking headlong into the driver # 8217 ; s side door twice. Donna may be believing better of go forthing her window unfastened so far with a rabid Canis familiaris outside when he starts jostling his paws and face through it. Then he runs to the rider # 8217 ; s side and springs at the window, badly scranching it. He so chews off the door grip, leaps on top of the auto, and mellows out a spot when the phone eventually stops pealing. Tad is groaning and transporting on, and Donna # 8217 ; s shut to surrounding him seeking to acquire him to maintain quiet. Vic # 8217 ; s happening it hard to concentrate on his occupation. Tad is kiping now, so Donna decides to acquire out of the auto. She doesn # 8217 ; t notice that Cujo is lying practically underneath the auto on the other side. She really noisy since the door is midway bashed in ; at this point we get a shooting of her pess from the other side of the auto. After acquiring the door unfastened, she looks around from inside the auto. She gets out, closes the door, and looks about. It occurs to her that the Canis familiaris might hold been near to the auto and she merely couldn # 8217 ; t see him from interior, so she gets on her custodies and articulatio genuss to look under it. Cujo # 8217 ; s behind her and jumps her before she can make anything. Tad wakes up to happen Mommy being mauled by a rabid Canis familiaris outside. Donna gets the door unfastened and gets into the auto as she usually would, i.e. mounting in and so tilting back out to draw the door closed, instead than the patented leap-and-pull that anyone with that much epinephrine in he r system ought to be able to pull off. Acerate leaf to state, Cujo ends up in the auto with them. Tad manages to mount into the back place. Donna beats Cujo with a Thermos container, Cujo bites her leg, and she finally gets the door closed with the Canis familiaris on the outside. Of class, Tad has been shouting the whole clip at a pitch and volume that ought to be able to shatter glass. Vic wakes up from a dream, calls the house, and decides to come place. Cujo staggers toward the auto. Donna bandages her leg with strips from her frock. Cujo gently climbs onto the goon of the auto and lies down with his face pressed against the windscreen to watch her. Dawn. Tad has begun to smother in his slumber. Donna tells him to wake up. Then she opens the door, seemingly meaning to travel to the house to name an ambulance, and Cujo rushes her from the barn. She pulls Tad into her lap. First assistance consists of Donna seting her fingers in his oral cavity, acquiring bitten, # 8220 ; Ow! # 8221 ; , seting her fingers in his oral cavity once more, acquiring bitten once more, # 8220 ; Ow! ! # 8221 ; with a touch of choler this clip. Then she orders him to take a breath. Kemp goes to the Trentons # 8217 ; house and, happening no 1 place, catch a knife from the kitchen. Vic comes place to happen his married woman and boy missing, and assorted froth cushioning and dressing everyplace, every bit good as images ripped up. The bull ask where the Pinto is, and they send one of the officers, Bannerman, to the Cambers # 8217 ; to see if it had been dropped off. Everyone is asleep when he arrives. Cujo runs off. Bannerman notices blood on the beat-up auto and gets out. He starts to radio back what # 8217 ; s traveling on, so hears a noise and goes to look into alternatively. He gets jumped by Cujo and drops his gun. He finds a hunk of wood to crush off the Canis familiaris, so is unable to mount high plenty in the barn to get away him. Donna can # 8217 ; t acquire her door opened to assist him, so he gets torn up a spot. She eventually gets out, when it truly seems he # 8217 ; s past salvaging anyhow, and Cujo leaves the bull to run over and bark/snarl a t her. She climbs back into the auto and Tad has one of his tantrums. Cujo goes back to complete off Bannerman, go forthing Donna to administrate some more exigency intervention. This clip she smacks Tad on the back a batch and shakes him like a ragdoll. He eventually starts to take a breath, merely to get down shriek, # 8220 ; I want my dada! # 8221 ; Vic # 8217 ; s cleaning up at place. The bulls have rounded up Kemp, who admits to doing the muss, but claims he neer saw Donna or Tad. Vic asks what Bannerman found, and the research worker says, # 8220 ; Well, he, uh # 8212 ; likely following up some lead, we # 8217 ; ll be hearing from him anytime now. # 8221 ; Vic caputs to Cambers in a terror ( in his exchangeable ) . Apparently Tad is holding another injury, another chance for Donna to pattern her EMT accomplishments by jerking his arm instead forcefully ( likely luxating it besides ) and thwacking his face. # 8220 ; I # 8217 ; m losing my babe! # 8221 ; So she gets out of the auto and shambles towards the house. Cujo comes out from under the porch. Donna runs and picks up the chiropteran, whaming him on the caput no less than five times before it snaps. He so leaps at her and impales himself on the broken spike of the chiropteran. She rolls him off of herself and picks up Bannerman # 8217 ; s gun. She points it at Cujo, but seemingly she can non convey herself to hit a # 8220 ; dead # 8221 ; Canis familiaris when he # 8217 ; s down. She has some trouble acquiring back into the auto to acquire Tad, so she ends up awkwardly nailing the rear window with the gun, something she likely learned in her gun safety class. Donna carries Tad into the kitchen and lays him on the tabular array. More first assistance! ! She splatters him with H2O and so, without look intoing for a pulsation or external respiration, starts forcing on his thorax, so proceeds with deliverance external respiration. Meanwhile, Vic is rushing the seven stat mis to the Camber farm. Donna is dead set over the tabular array, driveling on Tad ( non an hyperbole, there is really clearly a rope of saliva draging from her oral cavity when she comes up for air ) . Cujo jumps through the window. You have to look up to his creativeness when, injured as he was, he much more easy could hold come through the door or the broken window in the life room. Donna picks up the gun and hit him as he recovers from his landing and turns to cover with her. Vic pulls up, and Donna carries Tad out looking a spot worse for the wear.

Perceptual Mapping free essay sample

A detailed explanation of how perceptual mapping works, what it does, and what are its critical assumptions †¢An application of how perceptual mapping was used, i. e. , describing an application of the tool in detail, focusing on procedure, calculations, results, and interpretation. Background Branding; is defined by Charles W. Lamb, co-author of Marketing: sixth edition; as a name, term, symbol, design, or combination thereof that identifies a seller’s product or service and differentiates them from competitors’ products. Perhaps, the successful of many businesses has been attributed to the positioning of a product or service associated to a brand that consumers would easily grasp and differentiate from other products within a category. Understanding how consumers store information in memory is essential in brand development, according to Dawn Iacobucci, editor of Kellogg on Marketing. A product or service â€Å"brand† might have three types of associations: attributes, people, and occasions. â€Å"Attributes are physical characteristics of a product such as its color, size, and flavor. We will write a custom essay sample on Perceptual Mapping or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page People and occasions together are regarded as image. Most brand positioning involves a combination of attributes and image. Perhaps, consumers typically do not make decisions on the basis of attributes or image alone. Rather they use a combination of both to infer some benefit, adds Iacobucci. A benefit is an abstract concept such as convenience, pleasure, or fun. The rationale for a benefit is the fact that it has some attributes or that certain people use it on particular occasions. An example is how the beer industry emphasize the taste benefit supported by specifying the brand’s choice by showing young adults enjoying it at social gatherings, sports, or at home with friends. Therefore, perceptual mapping has become essential in the development or repositioning of a product or service for any marketing manager. Since perceptual mapping, according to Dr. Zafar Iqbal PhD professor of marketing at DePaul University, is a special representation in which customer perceptions for competitors’ brands are represented in a Euclidean space. Consequently, the use of perceptual mapping as a marketing tool allows marketing managers to identify and visualize a map of the marketplace in which the brands are positioned against one another vying for the spot in which consumers desire the most. Perceptual Mapping In order to create a reliable visual representation of the market input from customers or the target market are key. Perhaps, perceptual mapping provides a visual representation of customer’s perceptions. Consequently, perceptual maps are useful for deciding product positioning or repositioning; comparison between companies’ views of product positioning with customers’ perceptions; or identifying a competitive set(s). To develop the map, at least four focus group needs to be conducted in order to identify which are the attributes of the products or services that are characteristics and relevant. The attributes and products would vary according to the objective of the study. Perhaps, the study could have a strategic positioning or tactical positioning objective. Subsequently, once all attributes are identified, the development and implementation of a survey is essential in order to obtain perception data. The survey would ask consumers using the attribute rating method (AR) and overall similarity method (OS). The AR method would ask consumers to rate a list of attributes for each product or service. Once the perception data is obtained through the survey. Using factor analysis, the data would be reduced without significant loss of information and find systematically underlying patterns and inter-relationships among variables (attributes). Moreover, the use of factor analysis would allow the individual(s) to use the input (brands x attributes) to create a matrix of standardized scores for each brand and attribute, as long as the rotation sums of squared loading of the total variance explained for the second component (attribute) together with the first is equal or above 60 per cent. Moreover, the through factor analysis would provide a rotated component matrix (VARIMAX) for each of the attributes assigning coordinates, allowing the individual to plot each of them into the perceptual map. Additionally, a component score matrix would be posted as two additional columns to the original data, providing coordinates for each of the brands. By plotting the coordinates for both brands and attributes in their respective quadrants, the perceptual map is, simultaneously, being drawn. Hence, other brands could be group by competitive clusters and positioning to which the brand at study could be compared in relation to other base on preference. Moreover, the map would provide good and bad gaps, and recommendations could be made as how to occupy good gaps and avoid to fall into bad gaps base on which attributes or perceptions to improve and/or communicate. Additionally, recommendations can also be made according to which positioning is desire, according to which exact quadrant to move into and exact location on the map. However, the recommendations and positioning strategy are based on a set of three assumptions. Since it is based on a snapshot of costumers’ current perceptions. Assumptions I. It pair-wise distances between product or service alternatives directly indicated by perceive similarities or differences between any pairs. Perhaps, the distance between brands is determined by the perception in the costumers’ mind and whether the products are similar or different from each other. For example, the costumers’ perception of American Eagle clothes is similar to Abercrombie Fitch. Therefore, both brands would be positioned closer than if it is compare with Tommy Hilfiger. II. The attributes, described as vectors on the map, indicate both magnitude and direction. Perhaps, the brands could fall under different points on the preference line. Nonetheless, the magnitude in which one brands is preferred over other cannot be measured nor can be estimated. Every decision would have to be taken by inference according to the map. III. The brands would be positioned according to the coordinates and the place in the axes of the maps would represent or suggest the underlying dimensions (or factors) that best characterize how costumers differentiate between alternatives. The manufacturers or engineers could perceive their product very different from others; however, customer’s perceptions could be very different and associate the product with another one. Case Study: United Color of Benetton United People Problem: United Color of Benetton wants to reposition themselves as the preferred clothing store for young professionals in the United States. Attributes:Quality, Trendy, Comfortable, Business-Casual, Bold Colors, Preference, Accessible, Low-cost (Price), attracts looks, wrinkle free The table above represent the averages of the responses obtain from the survey, which use a scale from one to seven, one being strongly disagreed and seven being strongly agree. Once the data is collected, based on the perception of individuals for each of the brands and attributes. The following step is, to perform a factor analysis to reduce the data without significantly loosing to much information and systematically find the inter-relationships among the different variables (attributes). The outcome of the factor analysis indicates that the total variance explained with two attributes have a rotation sums of square loading of 66. 78 per cent, which the standard by the industry must be above 60 per cent. The study positioned United Colors of Benetton (Benetton) in the complete opposite position in which Benetton wants to be (See Graph A). The brands that are leading the market that Benetton would like to enter are: Tommy Hilfiger, Banana Republic, and Hugo Boss – listed on order of preference according to the study. These brands have been clustered as the I’m a Young Professional group (See Graph B). Based on the desire of Benetton to reposition itself as the preferred clothing store for young professionals in the United States. Benetton would have to move into one of the three open spaces, in the consumers’ minds, that falls under the direction of preference and the desired position of Benetton. (See Graph C) Based on the desired repositioning of Benetton and its current position, I suggest that Benetton should develop their marketing strategies to position itself into Space A. Since moving into Space B or Space C, which are, at the moment, to far out of the current state that it would be to costly at the moment.

Personality psychology Essays

Personality psychology Essays Personality psychology Essay Personality psychology Essay The profile indicates a high task oriented person with a strong ability to be a crowd pleaser. The inspiring personality style mentor is primarily outgoing making friends easily and possesses a high energy and enthusiasm. (Sq audio. Com/discreteness). He is very influential and communicates well as he inspires others that follow him. He likes challenges and doesnt seem to worry too much because he is extremely confident in his abilities. He is a good negotiator, but not necessarily a good listener or compromiser. He sometimes is the initiator of conflicts because of his stubborn and controlling nature. This personality does not always listen to counsel and sometimes dismisses what he hears. His charisma can be his downfall (Carbondale, 2008). Analyzing the (NEFF) M-BET results of the mentor, Joe Butt (2013) describes this combination personality as the benevolent pedagogue of humanity. They tend to be large talkers, dreamers, and doers with an incredible amount of persuasive attributes and interpersonal skills which makes them into great potential salesmen. They appear to be very creative and responsible to carry out many tasks at once with a great deal of energy and confidence. They like people and make quick decisions about them and are available to anyone who needs them. They eave sometimes a tender psychological shell and are at risk of being hurt emotionally. Students M-BIT Report The students M-BIT report shows that she is a highly complex intuitive INFO, the protector. In the home she displays patient, gentle devotion. She is a natural nurturer with high expectations for her children. She possesses strong values with great faith in her instincts and intuition. Believing in constant growth she is a perfectionist who is not sure she is living up to her fullest potential. Sometimes she fails to see the big picture while pushing herself to the limit. At work she is extremely creative favoring art and science ND service oriented professions. As a careful listener and people person, she is sensitive to conflict and may become agitated and internalize her anger. The comparison of the students Disc SIC and M-BIT personality reports indicate very similar results. The Disc profile and M-BIT both indicate the people oriented and supportive listening traits of the student. Both show a desire to empathic and serve humanity. Since the M-BIT is focused on positive traits, it is different from the Disc profile as it does not show the blind spots and the need to make adjustments in behavior (Collar, 2008, p. 232). The (Discrepancies) states that dominant S listening skills are extremely keen without interruptions, but Squids. Com/discreteness mention the blind spot of getting run over because of the fear of confrontation. When the S minute is engaged in a conversation with her l mentor they are very likely to slip into the flat-brain tango (Petersen, 2007, p. 33). The S/C minute needs to remember to be more assertive while the I/SD needs to stop and pursue clarification. Higher level communication connects us at a level of feeling and spirit (Petersen, 2007, p. 19). SUMP part 2 Questionnaires Demonstrating Fit In order to demonstrate fit to each DISC profile the counselor must be aware of the voice inflection, physical posture, eye contact and focused attention of the counsel (Collar, 1997, p. 95). The D personality trait The high dominant behavior style presents a challenge in that he/she tends to operate in a fast paced manner which is totally the opposite of the high S counselor. Communication with the impatient controller is a challenge for the S counselor until empathy and listening skills begin to emerge. Generally patient, submissive, and quietly reflective, the approach in therapy would be o assist the counsel to choose a solution focused goal for the problem at hand. Since Ds learning styles are result oriented it is best to approach them with an itemized agenda while appealing to their controlling nature and preconceived ideas. (Disclosures). The tender sensitive passive nature Of the S therapist should not take offense while remembering the possible blind spots of the D counsel when viewed as rude, aggressive, and insensitive (Squids. Com /discreteness). The personality trait -? The inspiring and influential behavioral style is usually open to new theories, ideas, and ethos of learning. They are fun loving and have a short attention span (Disclosures). Keeping this learning style in mind, the S counselor should attempt to set good boundaries in counseling sessions. The general friendliness and outgoing nature of the l counsel and the genuine sincere, caring, friendliness of the S counselor would seem to be a good fit. Also, since the I is a talker and the S is a listener an appropriate communication strategy (game) would be the Talker-Listener Card (Petersen, 2007, p 55). The blind spots of defensiveness and not listening to counsel present the biggest robber for the counselor. Getting the l to own his responsibility for defensive behavior and poor listening habits will be the challenge for the counselor. The S personality trait The supportive personality style of the counsel and counselor both ask Hove will we get this problem solved? They both use how questions on a regular basis (Disclosures). Since they both work at a steady pace and are careful listeners they will approach the problem in a step by step manner. The caring S counselor, aware of the bloodspots of sensitivity and self-sacrificing behavior of the S counsel, will deed to gently supply confidence and encouragement to enable the counsel to be more assertive. A willing student the S counsel is very receptive to learning, but likes to observe techniques first then practice. Role play is a good strategy to use with this client. The C personality trait The consciences care-seeker wants to have a plan and schedule and asks many questions surrounding why questions (Disclosures). They want to hear facts and understand. They ask why should we do this (Disclosures)? The counselor would be wise to develop a written plan or goal in the therapy recess and explain the purpose of each step. Since the C personality is the second best listener (Tandem. Com) then the rapport between this counselor and the C counsel will be helpful as long as a structured and accurate listening approach is maintained. Action steps will be necessary as the problem is discussed as this is a blind spot of the C. Rather than worrying about what could go wrong they will need to move forward and attempt risks to accomplish the plan for healing (Squids. Com/discreteness). Communicating with a care-seeker The care-seeker from the case study Crossroads chosen for evaluation and assessment is Melissa. Melissa was chosen because as a high SIC counselor her natural tendency to blend in and serve during this crisis touched a familiar cord. Melissa displays many S personality traits. She is shown as the steady reliable supportive friend, not only to Broody, with whom she has a particular rapport, but also with the entire family. Melissa displays tendencies Of strong compassion, thoughtful, kind servant hood and a gentle quiet-like presence in the face of a horrible tragedy. She rarely expresses her own loss preferring to physically and emotionally care for the family involved. She is blew to get along with every family member easily and even at times gently confront the D personality of Bruce without causing offense. She is loyal to Broody and is greatly concerned for his healing and relationship with Bruce. She is a peacemaker. Since both Melissa and this S counselor are great listeners indicating a great advantage in this counseling relationship from the start. They are both highly empathetic and caring. The S counselor understands that Melissa will have a tendency to over function and even sacrifice as she provides steady friendship and compassion. Dealing with the loss of her friend will be extremely painful because S personalities are extremely relational one on one and make long lasting deep friendships (Carbondale, 2008). Applying what she has learned regarding grief and loss, the S counselor first needs to rule out whether the grief/loss has debilitated into depression (Clinton and Hawkins, 2009, p. 130). Melissa needs encouragement to express and feel her pain. She should be reminded to not attempt to do too much and that grieving takes time and is a process. Not attending to her personal self-care and not speaking out when pain of the loss of her friend overwhelms her are Melissa major blind spots. It will be necessary to remind Melissa that keeping busy and providing support and care is a healthy action while realizing that sacrificial giving to the point of exhaustion can also cause damage. Connecting and communicating with a mentor This students mentor has been determined to be I/SD. The dominate trait of l indicates that this person is full of fun and shares feelings openly. This mentor has a soft caring side and is generally liked and likes people. The D traits show that the mentor is more comfortable telling people what to do ND then inspiring them to get things done. Conflicting with the high S personality trait of this minute is the lack of preparation at times, and the poor listening skills of the I mentor. However, both this minute and the mentor have S traits that indicate that they care for people and have a strong desire to serve. They also have great kindness and tender hearts. The mentors high persuasive personality compliments the sometimes shy and reserved personality of the minute. The C personality trait of the minute counselor likes to be more organized and peruse facts and details. This desire s an area of concern with the minute as Carbondale (2008) mentions that the I/SD mentors interest in gathering facts can sometimes compromise quality in an effort to accomplish a goal or task. Another potential challenge can be the D mentors tendency to control. This would mean that the S minute will need to be a bit more assertive as they accomplish tasks. Overall, this relationship has many possibilities due to the strong desire to serve and the mutual love for people. These are necessary qualities for developing a pastoral counseling mentors.