The Health Related Issue Bipolar Disease - 1049 Words

The following essay will look at the health related issue bipolar disease first previously described as ‘manic depression insanity’ was seen as different from other mental illnesses by psychiatrist Emil Krapelin in 1899 (Goodwin, Guy, Sachs, Gary, 2010).However the illness ‘bipolar’ was named in the 1960’s by psychiatrist Angsy and Perris who both understood the illness happened in mania and mood altitude (Goodwin, Guy, Sachs, Gary, 2010). According to the National Institute of Mental health in many cases diagnoses for the condition isn’t diagnosed until the late adolescent to the early adult years of a person’s life. The reason being that the condition is not easy to identity therefore, the life long illness can unfortunately go unrecognised for years until a proper diagnosis is done (National Institute of Mental health 2012). The case study in this essay was influenced by Heather a young adult studying for her PHD. The Nursing and Midwifery Council state â€Å"You must respect people s right to confidentiality† (NMC 2013). However in this case Heather has openly spoken about her condition on a social networking site YouTube. Therefore her confidentiality rights haven’t been breached or exposed. This essay will discuss the dimensions of health with individuals with bipolar. Naidoo and Wills (2009) identified health as holistic and grouped five dimensions in their inner circle. As physical, mental, emotional, social, spiritual and sexual, as well as three other dimensions ofShow MoreRelatedManic Depression : Symptoms Of Symptoms And Treatments1339 Words   |  6 Pagessocialize, and act. At least fifteen percent of people with bipolar disorder commit suicide. Moreover, the symptoms of this illness show in adolescence or adulthood. According to the World Health Organization mental health Atlas research, in 2014, which published a prevalent and latest estimated data of bipolar disorder covering â€Å"About 2 % of the population of both women and men are suffering from this condition.† Many factors of this disease are associated or contributed to genes component from upbringingRead MoreBipolar Disorder Research Paper709 Words   |  3 Pagesperson living with bipolar disorder, everyday life can potentially be a coin flip: how you are one day may be very different than how you are on another. According to the Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance (DBSA), nearly six (6) million adult Americans are affected by bipolar disorder (â€Å"About†). A major obstacle for those dealing with Bipolar can be a lack of help. According to the Center of Disease Control (CDC), Bipolar disorder has been deemed the most expensive behavioral health care diagnosisRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Bipolar And Related Disorder1246 Words   |  5 Pages Abstract The following research paper will exposed the most common symptoms, diagnostic and therapy, in the treatment for Bipolar and Related Disorder due to Another Medical condition. Bipolar and Related disorder, is characterized by symptoms that occur in distinct episodes with periods of normal mood in between. Most of the time there is no clear pattern of when or how frequently manic or when or how often they alternate with depressive episodes will be produced. Mood swings can occur overRead MoreMental Health Disorders And Its Effects On Children And Society1626 Words   |  7 PagesRelated issues Mental health disorders such as bipolar disorder and ADHD creates a burden on affected children and society at large. Commonly identified issues include financial impact on the family, effect of the illness on the child, social issues, occupational and academic functioning, racial impact, effects on family, stigma of the illness, suicide, economic burden on society, role of healthcare providers and cultural issues. Role of religion Whenever a child is diagnosed with a mental illnessRead MoreBipolar And Related Disorders ( Bipolar )1289 Words   |  6 Pages Bipolar and related disorders Justin Rodriguez Professor Hanselman Social Psychological Counseling Cumberland County College April 21, 2015 April 21, 2015 Abstract Bipolar Disorder (BD), also known as manic depression, is a mood disorder that is thought to affect some 5.5 million Americans, or 2.6 percent of the population (Treatment Advocacy Center). This paper explores Bipolar I, Bipolar II, Cyclothymic disorder, their features, and treatments. Also discussed is the progression of BipolarRead MoreMental Disorders And Its Effects1437 Words   |  6 Pagescancer may lead to mental disorders. Some examples of mental disorders include drug-related disorders, bipolar disorder or depression disorders, schizophrenia, intellectual disorders and disabilities, and many others. For some of the mental disorders that people get, there are remedies such as counseling and medications that may actually help a person to become better (WHO, 2016). Mental disorders such as bipolar disorders and schizophrenia do not just happen without warning signs, and seeking medicalRead MoreMental Illness And Mental Illness1517 Words   |  7 Pagescannot bring the light to mental illness through comedy? So many of us think joking about mental illness can be demeaning to those who suffer from them. Although there are ways, you can help a person get through their struggles with the mental health issues they face, but do we ever ask ourselves the questions we necessarily need to know when it comes to helping someone with a mental illness. Is sarcasm, bad? Is it meant to demean others? Sarcasm can present itself as hostility and insecurity whichRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Bipolar Disorder1648 Words   |  7 PagesBisecting Bipolar Disorder Introduction and Background Overview 3.9% of adults in the United States are suffering from bipolar disorder as of 2014 according to the National Institute of Mental Health (Jann, 2014). Although rare, it is still a prevalent disease in the realm of mental health and requires special attention from healthcare providers. Bipolar disorder is a lifelong condition described by repeated manic or depressive episodes. Furthermore, due to the extreme mood swings and emotionalRead MoreBipolar Disorder Is A Manic Depressive Disease858 Words   |  4 PagesGalvao Psychology Davis Mertz 14 December 2015 Bipolar Disorder Bipolar disorder is a manic-depressive disease; it is a brain disorder which sources uncommon changes in energy, mood, ability to do daily activities and activity levels. The symptoms are normally severe as they lead to poor performance in jobs and schools. Bipolar disorders can be cured and the sick people can have useful lives. Scientists and experts are reviewing the causes of the disease and they tend to agree there is no solitaryRead MoreThe Other Day, While Visiting Relatives1503 Words   |  7 Pagesemotionally charged. The frustration among my cousins grew, until one accused the other of being â€Å"bipolar†. The â€Å"accuser† in the conversation said that because his brother was â€Å"flaky and could not make up his mind†. When asked, what my cousin meant by saying this, it was explained to us that, because of being indecisive and frequently changing his mind, his brother and his brother’s actions were bipolar. That was the end point of the conv ersation. Situations like these can be observed pretty frequently

History of the Death Penalty - 517 Words

Beheading? Firing Squad? Hanging? Falling from a height? All forms of the death penalty. Not only do they have the death penalty in America but also in other places like Britain, Saudi Arabia, Iran and many other places. The first death penalty laws go way back to the eighteenth century, in Babylon. In the tenth century hanging was the major execution style, later in this century William the Conqueror did not allow people to be hanged for any reason unless in times of war, that didn’t last. The American system of capital punishment comes from the British law. In America it mainly started in the ancient western. They encouraged people to seek retribution by killing their offenders; they also started listing what crimes would be reasons to use the death penalty. Around the 17th century government leaders realized crimes harm society and became more involved in controlling and punishing crimes. Laws focused more on keeping peace in society than serving justice. In the ancient Gr eco-Roman time, the prime reason for execution was to punish those who attacked the religion of the state. Throughout this era, punishment was violent and often means of inflicting torture along with death. During the middle ages it became very important to justify punishing and convicted criminals by making sure they were guilty. The usual methods of determining guilt or innocence at the time were trial by battle, the ordeal and compurgation. Trial by battle pitted the offender and the victim,Show MoreRelatedHistory of the Death Penalty1652 Words   |  7 PagesForms of the Death Penalty Ancient China - First established death penalty laws 18th century BCE - Code of king Hammurabi of Babylon - Earliest form of unified system of justice. Death penalty for 25 crimes, including an â€Å"eye for an Eye† 16th century BCE - Egypt - first historically recorded death sentence (a man was accused of using magic) 14th century BCE - Hittite code - also prescribed the death penalty 621 BCE - Draconian code of Athens - ‘the death penalty appliedRead MoreThe Death Penalty : The History1297 Words   |  6 PagesThe Death Penalty: The History Death is said to be the worst punishment one can obtain. The law has been made in a way that the ultimate worst punishment one can receive is the death penalty. The action of killing others in the name of the law has been around since before 1000 BC and is still around to this day. There was a time when any crime committed would result in your death, whether you stole 4 pence or you murdered your neighbour. As time went on, the laws have become more just, allowing onlyRead MoreThe Death Penalty Throughout History1074 Words   |  5 PagesThis paper explores how society has influenced the development of the death penalty throughout history. It begins with a brief explanation of the origins of capital punishment, referencing the first known documentation of actions punishable by death. The paper goes on to explore different methods of execution and how they have progressed and changed over the years. Documented cases at different points of history are referenced to show the relationsh ip of time periods and beliefs to the implementationRead MoreHistory of Death Penalty in Texas2397 Words   |  10 PagesHistory of the Death Penalty in Texas During the historical era in the state of Texas, the use of the death penalty was common and frequent; before 1923 districts carried out executions themselves, in the form of hanging. However in 1923 the state of Texas prepared every execution to be carried out by the state in Huntsville using the electric chair as the method of execution. The state of Texas put to death their first prisoner by electrocution on February 8, 1924 and there were four more executionsRead MoreHistory and Laws of Death Penalty2834 Words   |  11 PagesDeath penalty is the execution of an offender who is sentenced to death after being convicted for committing a heinous crime. Death penalty differs from extrajudicial penalty in the sense that for a person to be penalised to death he or she must be convicted by law, whereas extrajudicial penalty is carried out without the permission of the court. Death penalty and capital punishment are often used interchangeably but there is a marked difference between the two. Death penalty becomes capital punishmentRead MoreThe History of the Death Penalty Essay2059 Words   |  9 PagesThroughout the history of man there has always existed a sort of rule pertaining to retribution for just and unjust acts. For the just came rewards, and for the unjust came punishments. This has been a law as old as time. One philosophy about the treatment of the unjust is most controversial in modern time and throughout our history; which is is the ethical decision of a death penalty. This controversial issue of punishment by death has been going on for centuries. It dates back to as early as 399Read MoreDeath Penalties Throughout History1443 Words   |  6 Pagesput the perpetrator to death. Ancient civilizations to modern day people have implemented the death penalty to ensure the well-being, and sometimes discipline, of societies around the globe. The first official legal use of the death penalty dates back to the eighteenth century B.C. in the Code of King Hammurabi of Babylon. Here the King noted 25 crimes to be punishable by death. In seventh century B.C. Greece, the Draconian Code of Athens established death as the only penalty to be dealt for all crimesRead MoreDeath Penalty Changes throughout History605 Words   |  2 Pagesand left 31 wounded, for which he was sentenced to death. The capital punishment system allows for such atrocious criminals to be fairly punished and kept off the streets thus giving families of the victims much needed closure .Capital punishment is the lawful infliction of death as punishment for a crime. The death penalty has been around since the existence of man if you killed someone you would be killed. Capital punishments were also the penalty for many crimes in the British colonies before theRead MoreHistory of the Death Penalty and Why It Is Not Wrong Essay3300 Words   |  14 Pagesâ€Å"I personally have always voted for the death penalty because I believe that people who go out prepared to take the lives of other people forfeit their own right to live. I believe that the death penalty should be used only very rarely, but I believe that no-one should go out certain that no matter how cruel, how vicious, how hideous their murder, they themselves will not suffer the death penalty.† – Margaret Thatcher The death penalty has been promoted for thousands of years, for countlessRead MoreDeath Penalty : The Penalty1475 Words   |  6 Pages DEATH PENALTY BY TURKI ARUGI 6/15/2015 ELS LANGUAGE CENER Death Penalty When someone hears about death penalty the first thing that comes up to the mind is murder, robbery, treachery but not every crime is punishable by death penalty. It is indeed a punishment for severe crimes which are not forgivable or can be done in a prison. Sometimes death penalty is the only option left for the government or it may be too dangerous to let the person to stay alive. Death penalty is one of the most

Cujo Essay Research Paper The story starts free essay sample

Cujo Essay, Research Paper The narrative starts with a small coney peeping its caput out of a hole in the land. It bounds through the wood and emerges in a hayfield where it sits up on its back terminal to look around. Then a Saint Bernard ( Cujo ) appears and chases it about, finally into a cavernous hole in the land. Cujo sticks his caput into the hole and barks, upseting the chiropterans who have roosted in there for the twenty-four hours. They fly about and screech and one lands on Cujo # 8217 ; s neb and gnaws on him for awhile. Now we go to the large Trenton house. Tad, the boy, has a job with his cupboard door starting unfastened. He closes it, so shuts off the light and makes a huffy elan across the room for the bed. He stares at his cupboard door, it opens, and he screams. Vic and Donna come in to soothe him. Tad insists he saw the monster. Ma and Dad say there # 8217 ; s no such thing as existent monsters. After they go back to bed, Tad says, # 8220 ; Except in my cupboard. Please, please, please. # 8221 ; The following forenoon, everything that International Relations and Security Network # 8217 ; T nailed down is piled in forepart of Tad # 8217 ; s closet door. Steve Kemp comes in and cadgers off the Trentons. On the telecasting is an advertizement for Sharp # 8217 ; s cereal, a professor who says, # 8220 ; Nothing incorrectly here! # 8221 ; Vic works for an advertisement house, and the professor is one of his creative activities. Vic and Kemp play tennis, and Kemp loses. Vic says, # 8220 ; You aren # 8217 ; t acquiring tired of this, are ya? # 8221 ; Kemp answers, # 8220 ; What, are you pull the leg ofing me? Geting my buttocks handed to me every hebdomad? No, I love it. I # 8217 ; m a masochist. # 8221 ; # 8220 ; Well, whatever turns you on, # 8221 ; says Vic. Cut to Kemp playing his trombone ( literally, non figuratively ) in bed with Donna Trenton. Donna puts on her underwear and goes place. At dinner that dark, Vic suggests they have another child because they # 8217 ; ve run out of material to speak about. Vic takes his auto into the store with some ailment about a front wheel. He wants it fixed while he waits, which the machinist won # 8217 ; t do. The postman suggests he take it out to Joe Camber. Vic does, and he takes Donna and Tad with him. Donna wanders in forepart of the house, where Charity Camber is tweaking a dead poulet. Then she sees Cujo joging into the barnyard and runs over to snap up Tad. The Cambers # 8217 ; boy Brett says it # 8217 ; s all right, and finally Donna gets a clasp and lets Tad down to pet the Canis familiaris. That dark Vic makes the unit of ammunitions in Tad # 8217 ; s room, stating some unusual conjuration to guard off monsters. It seems to do Tad experience better. The following twenty-four hours the intelligence says that 1000s of people reported internal hemorrhaging after eating Sharp # 8217 ; s cereal. The cereal was recalled, but it turned out childs were merely # 8220 ; making and vomiting # 8221 ; ruddy dye. Vic is confronting a crisis a t work, though. Joe is utilizing some loud equipment. Cujo looks at him and jog off. Donna goes to see Kemp to interrupt off their matter. He acts resigned, but so pursuits after her. Vic thrusts by and sees Kemp catching her by the auto. He goes back, but they # 8217 ; re gone. Donna picks up Tad from cantonment. The auto has some serious jobs on the manner place. Vic is home early and asks what she did that twenty-four hours ; she claims food markets, errands, the usual. Joe comes winging up the thrust and grinds to a arrest in his noisy truck. Cujo stalks off. Joe finds an engine hoist in the barn and storms into the house, cursing at Charity because they can # 8217 ; t afford it. She tells him she won $ 5,000 in the lottery, and she wants to take their boy to see her sister for a hebdomad. Joe is sing with his friend Gary ; they # 8217 ; re doing a batch of noise and Cujo is lying on the floor devising hard-pressed noises. Joe has decided to take off for a hebdomad of # 8220 ; broads, liquor, and baseball # 8221 ; and wants Gary to fall in him. Vic picks up Tad from camp early. Back at place, Donna # 8217 ; s gets a surprise visit from Kemp. He wants her dorsum, says # 8220 ; I miss touching you, # 8221 ; so proceeds to seek. He slides his manus up her frock and kisses her and when she eventually fends him off, he shoves her, which spills some milk and brings Vic and Tad into the kitchen. Kemp leaves. Vic looks at Donna and says, # 8220 ; Yes or no, # 8221 ; and she says, # 8220 ; Yes. # 8221 ; Vic tries to repair the Pinto and can # 8217 ; t. He # 8217 ; s traveling to be out of town for 10 yearss to seek to salve the Sharp # 8217 ; s history. He promises Tad to compose down the monster words so that Mommy can state them. Tad sleeps soundly with the monster words posted on his cupboard door. The following forenoon is really dazed at the Camber house. Brett hears some moaning-yelping-whining noises and goes out to name Cujo. After awhile he hears some barbarous growling, so he turns to run place and finds it # 8217 ; s Cujo behind him. Brett tries to comfort him, and Cujo stops grumbling and walks off into the fog. Vic forgot to take the Pinto to Joe # 8217 ; s, so Donna will hold to make it. As he drives off, Donna runs after him. She tells him that the matter is over, but she can # 8217 ; t make like it neer happened. He says he can # 8217 ; t either and drives off. Brett # 8217 ; s lading the auto for the trip. He tells his female parent, # 8220 ; I # 8217 ; m worried about Cujo. I saw him this forenoon in the fog and he was all bloody, he was dripping froth at the mouth. # 8221 ; He wants to state his male parent, but his female parent tells him he will make no such thing. Cujo is walking down the route. He shows up at Gary # 8217 ; s house and attacks him outdoors. Gary gets off and goes into the house, shuting and locking the screen door behind himself, but go forthing the big, solid wooden door broad open. He starts seeking to lade his gun, and Cujo starts rending down the screen. He gets in before Gary gets the gun loaded and kills him instead untidily. Meanwhile, at the Cambers # 8217 ; house, Joe is naming Cujo. He eventually gives up and dumps a fifty-pound bag of Canis familiaris nutrient into a bath. He goes to pick up Gary and sees the screen ripped off the door. He goes in and discoveries Gary # 8217 ; s organic structure. He so checks most of the land floor of the house, doing his manner to the phone. He picks it up and Cujo shows up. Joe takes one expression at him and says, # 8220 ; Cujo! Oh my God, you # 8217 ; re rabid. # 8221 ; If merely he hadn # 8217 ; t married such a idiot, he might hold lived longer. He throws the tabular a rray at Cujo, but it doesn # 8217 ; t purchase him much clip and the Canis familiaris gets him. Donna and Tad are singing happily as they drive out to Joe # 8217 ; s topographic point. # 8220 ; I think I # 8217 ; ll seize with teeth it, # 8221 ; Donna punctuates with a catch and snarl. The Pinto is ready to cack as they pull into the thrust. We get a position of them from the barn. Donna gets out, but Tad # 8217 ; s seat belt is stuck, so she leans in to assist. Although her unfastened door is on the barn # 8217 ; s side, Cujo has walked to the other side of the auto and jumps up against the rider door and lodge his caput through the partly unfastened window. Donna gets it rolled up and so closes her ain door. Tad produces a batch of noise, whining about the monster. Cujo is now on the windscreen. Donna blows the auto horn and he leaves. Now Tad is doing a batch of hysterical noise. Donna can # 8217 ; t acquire the auto started once more, and Tad laments repeatedly, # 8220 ; I wan na travel place! ! ! # 8221 ; The child has a serious set of lungs, and Cujo lies at a di stance and growls. Subsequently, Tad is much calmer, sitting in the dorsum of the auto drawing. Tad tells Donna to seek to get down the auto, and s he is able to acquire it traveling. Cujo comes running out at the sound. The pace is immense, but alternatively of doing one big bend and go forthing, Donna makes a short bend and so puts it in contrary. After she cusses at the Canis familiaris, the auto dies once more. Tad starts whining fearfully, â€Å"Can he acquire us in here? † ( We can merely trust. ) â€Å"Can he eat his manner in here? I wish he’d die.† Now it # 8217 ; s sundown, and Vic calls place, but at that place # 8217 ; s no reply. Back at the farm, Tad has to urinate, so Donna opens the door about a pes. Cujo # 8217 ; s lying straight in forepart of the auto. He looks at the watercourse of urine hitting the land, so the phone starts pealing in the house and he decides that # 8217 ; s more bothersome. He runs to the house, jumps at the door, and so leaps through the window right on the last ring. Then he lies down on the porch slathering and snarling. Dawn. Donna wakes up to happen Cujo watching her through the window and growling. Vic calls place once more. Donna opens the window, # 8220 ; for air, # 8221 ; about five inches. She notices a baseball chiropteran in the pace. She tries to get down the auto once more without fortune, so figures the postman will detect them. Back in town, the postman is heading out with a big bringing for Joe Camber, but one of the postal clerks reminds him of the mail clasp for that hebdomad. Telephone rings at Cambers # 8217 ; once more. Cujo runs and looks in its way, so turns and charges the auto, socking headlong into the driver # 8217 ; s side door twice. Donna may be believing better of go forthing her window unfastened so far with a rabid Canis familiaris outside when he starts jostling his paws and face through it. Then he runs to the rider # 8217 ; s side and springs at the window, badly scranching it. He so chews off the door grip, leaps on top of the auto, and mellows out a spot when the phone eventually stops pealing. Tad is groaning and transporting on, and Donna # 8217 ; s shut to surrounding him seeking to acquire him to maintain quiet. Vic # 8217 ; s happening it hard to concentrate on his occupation. Tad is kiping now, so Donna decides to acquire out of the auto. She doesn # 8217 ; t notice that Cujo is lying practically underneath the auto on the other side. She really noisy since the door is midway bashed in ; at this point we get a shooting of her pess from the other side of the auto. After acquiring the door unfastened, she looks around from inside the auto. She gets out, closes the door, and looks about. It occurs to her that the Canis familiaris might hold been near to the auto and she merely couldn # 8217 ; t see him from interior, so she gets on her custodies and articulatio genuss to look under it. Cujo # 8217 ; s behind her and jumps her before she can make anything. Tad wakes up to happen Mommy being mauled by a rabid Canis familiaris outside. Donna gets the door unfastened and gets into the auto as she usually would, i.e. mounting in and so tilting back out to draw the door closed, instead than the patented leap-and-pull that anyone with that much epinephrine in he r system ought to be able to pull off. Acerate leaf to state, Cujo ends up in the auto with them. Tad manages to mount into the back place. Donna beats Cujo with a Thermos container, Cujo bites her leg, and she finally gets the door closed with the Canis familiaris on the outside. Of class, Tad has been shouting the whole clip at a pitch and volume that ought to be able to shatter glass. Vic wakes up from a dream, calls the house, and decides to come place. Cujo staggers toward the auto. Donna bandages her leg with strips from her frock. Cujo gently climbs onto the goon of the auto and lies down with his face pressed against the windscreen to watch her. Dawn. Tad has begun to smother in his slumber. Donna tells him to wake up. Then she opens the door, seemingly meaning to travel to the house to name an ambulance, and Cujo rushes her from the barn. She pulls Tad into her lap. First assistance consists of Donna seting her fingers in his oral cavity, acquiring bitten, # 8220 ; Ow! # 8221 ; , seting her fingers in his oral cavity once more, acquiring bitten once more, # 8220 ; Ow! ! # 8221 ; with a touch of choler this clip. Then she orders him to take a breath. Kemp goes to the Trentons # 8217 ; house and, happening no 1 place, catch a knife from the kitchen. Vic comes place to happen his married woman and boy missing, and assorted froth cushioning and dressing everyplace, every bit good as images ripped up. The bull ask where the Pinto is, and they send one of the officers, Bannerman, to the Cambers # 8217 ; to see if it had been dropped off. Everyone is asleep when he arrives. Cujo runs off. Bannerman notices blood on the beat-up auto and gets out. He starts to radio back what # 8217 ; s traveling on, so hears a noise and goes to look into alternatively. He gets jumped by Cujo and drops his gun. He finds a hunk of wood to crush off the Canis familiaris, so is unable to mount high plenty in the barn to get away him. Donna can # 8217 ; t acquire her door opened to assist him, so he gets torn up a spot. She eventually gets out, when it truly seems he # 8217 ; s past salvaging anyhow, and Cujo leaves the bull to run over and bark/snarl a t her. She climbs back into the auto and Tad has one of his tantrums. Cujo goes back to complete off Bannerman, go forthing Donna to administrate some more exigency intervention. This clip she smacks Tad on the back a batch and shakes him like a ragdoll. He eventually starts to take a breath, merely to get down shriek, # 8220 ; I want my dada! # 8221 ; Vic # 8217 ; s cleaning up at place. The bulls have rounded up Kemp, who admits to doing the muss, but claims he neer saw Donna or Tad. Vic asks what Bannerman found, and the research worker says, # 8220 ; Well, he, uh # 8212 ; likely following up some lead, we # 8217 ; ll be hearing from him anytime now. # 8221 ; Vic caputs to Cambers in a terror ( in his exchangeable ) . Apparently Tad is holding another injury, another chance for Donna to pattern her EMT accomplishments by jerking his arm instead forcefully ( likely luxating it besides ) and thwacking his face. # 8220 ; I # 8217 ; m losing my babe! # 8221 ; So she gets out of the auto and shambles towards the house. Cujo comes out from under the porch. Donna runs and picks up the chiropteran, whaming him on the caput no less than five times before it snaps. He so leaps at her and impales himself on the broken spike of the chiropteran. She rolls him off of herself and picks up Bannerman # 8217 ; s gun. She points it at Cujo, but seemingly she can non convey herself to hit a # 8220 ; dead # 8221 ; Canis familiaris when he # 8217 ; s down. She has some trouble acquiring back into the auto to acquire Tad, so she ends up awkwardly nailing the rear window with the gun, something she likely learned in her gun safety class. Donna carries Tad into the kitchen and lays him on the tabular array. More first assistance! ! She splatters him with H2O and so, without look intoing for a pulsation or external respiration, starts forcing on his thorax, so proceeds with deliverance external respiration. Meanwhile, Vic is rushing the seven stat mis to the Camber farm. Donna is dead set over the tabular array, driveling on Tad ( non an hyperbole, there is really clearly a rope of saliva draging from her oral cavity when she comes up for air ) . Cujo jumps through the window. You have to look up to his creativeness when, injured as he was, he much more easy could hold come through the door or the broken window in the life room. Donna picks up the gun and hit him as he recovers from his landing and turns to cover with her. Vic pulls up, and Donna carries Tad out looking a spot worse for the wear.

Perceptual Mapping free essay sample

A detailed explanation of how perceptual mapping works, what it does, and what are its critical assumptions †¢An application of how perceptual mapping was used, i. e. , describing an application of the tool in detail, focusing on procedure, calculations, results, and interpretation. Background Branding; is defined by Charles W. Lamb, co-author of Marketing: sixth edition; as a name, term, symbol, design, or combination thereof that identifies a seller’s product or service and differentiates them from competitors’ products. Perhaps, the successful of many businesses has been attributed to the positioning of a product or service associated to a brand that consumers would easily grasp and differentiate from other products within a category. Understanding how consumers store information in memory is essential in brand development, according to Dawn Iacobucci, editor of Kellogg on Marketing. A product or service â€Å"brand† might have three types of associations: attributes, people, and occasions. â€Å"Attributes are physical characteristics of a product such as its color, size, and flavor. We will write a custom essay sample on Perceptual Mapping or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page People and occasions together are regarded as image. Most brand positioning involves a combination of attributes and image. Perhaps, consumers typically do not make decisions on the basis of attributes or image alone. Rather they use a combination of both to infer some benefit, adds Iacobucci. A benefit is an abstract concept such as convenience, pleasure, or fun. The rationale for a benefit is the fact that it has some attributes or that certain people use it on particular occasions. An example is how the beer industry emphasize the taste benefit supported by specifying the brand’s choice by showing young adults enjoying it at social gatherings, sports, or at home with friends. Therefore, perceptual mapping has become essential in the development or repositioning of a product or service for any marketing manager. Since perceptual mapping, according to Dr. Zafar Iqbal PhD professor of marketing at DePaul University, is a special representation in which customer perceptions for competitors’ brands are represented in a Euclidean space. Consequently, the use of perceptual mapping as a marketing tool allows marketing managers to identify and visualize a map of the marketplace in which the brands are positioned against one another vying for the spot in which consumers desire the most. Perceptual Mapping In order to create a reliable visual representation of the market input from customers or the target market are key. Perhaps, perceptual mapping provides a visual representation of customer’s perceptions. Consequently, perceptual maps are useful for deciding product positioning or repositioning; comparison between companies’ views of product positioning with customers’ perceptions; or identifying a competitive set(s). To develop the map, at least four focus group needs to be conducted in order to identify which are the attributes of the products or services that are characteristics and relevant. The attributes and products would vary according to the objective of the study. Perhaps, the study could have a strategic positioning or tactical positioning objective. Subsequently, once all attributes are identified, the development and implementation of a survey is essential in order to obtain perception data. The survey would ask consumers using the attribute rating method (AR) and overall similarity method (OS). The AR method would ask consumers to rate a list of attributes for each product or service. Once the perception data is obtained through the survey. Using factor analysis, the data would be reduced without significant loss of information and find systematically underlying patterns and inter-relationships among variables (attributes). Moreover, the use of factor analysis would allow the individual(s) to use the input (brands x attributes) to create a matrix of standardized scores for each brand and attribute, as long as the rotation sums of squared loading of the total variance explained for the second component (attribute) together with the first is equal or above 60 per cent. Moreover, the through factor analysis would provide a rotated component matrix (VARIMAX) for each of the attributes assigning coordinates, allowing the individual to plot each of them into the perceptual map. Additionally, a component score matrix would be posted as two additional columns to the original data, providing coordinates for each of the brands. By plotting the coordinates for both brands and attributes in their respective quadrants, the perceptual map is, simultaneously, being drawn. Hence, other brands could be group by competitive clusters and positioning to which the brand at study could be compared in relation to other base on preference. Moreover, the map would provide good and bad gaps, and recommendations could be made as how to occupy good gaps and avoid to fall into bad gaps base on which attributes or perceptions to improve and/or communicate. Additionally, recommendations can also be made according to which positioning is desire, according to which exact quadrant to move into and exact location on the map. However, the recommendations and positioning strategy are based on a set of three assumptions. Since it is based on a snapshot of costumers’ current perceptions. Assumptions I. It pair-wise distances between product or service alternatives directly indicated by perceive similarities or differences between any pairs. Perhaps, the distance between brands is determined by the perception in the costumers’ mind and whether the products are similar or different from each other. For example, the costumers’ perception of American Eagle clothes is similar to Abercrombie Fitch. Therefore, both brands would be positioned closer than if it is compare with Tommy Hilfiger. II. The attributes, described as vectors on the map, indicate both magnitude and direction. Perhaps, the brands could fall under different points on the preference line. Nonetheless, the magnitude in which one brands is preferred over other cannot be measured nor can be estimated. Every decision would have to be taken by inference according to the map. III. The brands would be positioned according to the coordinates and the place in the axes of the maps would represent or suggest the underlying dimensions (or factors) that best characterize how costumers differentiate between alternatives. The manufacturers or engineers could perceive their product very different from others; however, customer’s perceptions could be very different and associate the product with another one. Case Study: United Color of Benetton United People Problem: United Color of Benetton wants to reposition themselves as the preferred clothing store for young professionals in the United States. Attributes:Quality, Trendy, Comfortable, Business-Casual, Bold Colors, Preference, Accessible, Low-cost (Price), attracts looks, wrinkle free The table above represent the averages of the responses obtain from the survey, which use a scale from one to seven, one being strongly disagreed and seven being strongly agree. Once the data is collected, based on the perception of individuals for each of the brands and attributes. The following step is, to perform a factor analysis to reduce the data without significantly loosing to much information and systematically find the inter-relationships among the different variables (attributes). The outcome of the factor analysis indicates that the total variance explained with two attributes have a rotation sums of square loading of 66. 78 per cent, which the standard by the industry must be above 60 per cent. The study positioned United Colors of Benetton (Benetton) in the complete opposite position in which Benetton wants to be (See Graph A). The brands that are leading the market that Benetton would like to enter are: Tommy Hilfiger, Banana Republic, and Hugo Boss – listed on order of preference according to the study. These brands have been clustered as the I’m a Young Professional group (See Graph B). Based on the desire of Benetton to reposition itself as the preferred clothing store for young professionals in the United States. Benetton would have to move into one of the three open spaces, in the consumers’ minds, that falls under the direction of preference and the desired position of Benetton. (See Graph C) Based on the desired repositioning of Benetton and its current position, I suggest that Benetton should develop their marketing strategies to position itself into Space A. Since moving into Space B or Space C, which are, at the moment, to far out of the current state that it would be to costly at the moment.

Personality psychology Essays

Personality psychology Essays Personality psychology Essay Personality psychology Essay The profile indicates a high task oriented person with a strong ability to be a crowd pleaser. The inspiring personality style mentor is primarily outgoing making friends easily and possesses a high energy and enthusiasm. (Sq audio. Com/discreteness). He is very influential and communicates well as he inspires others that follow him. He likes challenges and doesnt seem to worry too much because he is extremely confident in his abilities. He is a good negotiator, but not necessarily a good listener or compromiser. He sometimes is the initiator of conflicts because of his stubborn and controlling nature. This personality does not always listen to counsel and sometimes dismisses what he hears. His charisma can be his downfall (Carbondale, 2008). Analyzing the (NEFF) M-BET results of the mentor, Joe Butt (2013) describes this combination personality as the benevolent pedagogue of humanity. They tend to be large talkers, dreamers, and doers with an incredible amount of persuasive attributes and interpersonal skills which makes them into great potential salesmen. They appear to be very creative and responsible to carry out many tasks at once with a great deal of energy and confidence. They like people and make quick decisions about them and are available to anyone who needs them. They eave sometimes a tender psychological shell and are at risk of being hurt emotionally. Students M-BIT Report The students M-BIT report shows that she is a highly complex intuitive INFO, the protector. In the home she displays patient, gentle devotion. She is a natural nurturer with high expectations for her children. She possesses strong values with great faith in her instincts and intuition. Believing in constant growth she is a perfectionist who is not sure she is living up to her fullest potential. Sometimes she fails to see the big picture while pushing herself to the limit. At work she is extremely creative favoring art and science ND service oriented professions. As a careful listener and people person, she is sensitive to conflict and may become agitated and internalize her anger. The comparison of the students Disc SIC and M-BIT personality reports indicate very similar results. The Disc profile and M-BIT both indicate the people oriented and supportive listening traits of the student. Both show a desire to empathic and serve humanity. Since the M-BIT is focused on positive traits, it is different from the Disc profile as it does not show the blind spots and the need to make adjustments in behavior (Collar, 2008, p. 232). The (Discrepancies) states that dominant S listening skills are extremely keen without interruptions, but Squids. Com/discreteness mention the blind spot of getting run over because of the fear of confrontation. When the S minute is engaged in a conversation with her l mentor they are very likely to slip into the flat-brain tango (Petersen, 2007, p. 33). The S/C minute needs to remember to be more assertive while the I/SD needs to stop and pursue clarification. Higher level communication connects us at a level of feeling and spirit (Petersen, 2007, p. 19). SUMP part 2 Questionnaires Demonstrating Fit In order to demonstrate fit to each DISC profile the counselor must be aware of the voice inflection, physical posture, eye contact and focused attention of the counsel (Collar, 1997, p. 95). The D personality trait The high dominant behavior style presents a challenge in that he/she tends to operate in a fast paced manner which is totally the opposite of the high S counselor. Communication with the impatient controller is a challenge for the S counselor until empathy and listening skills begin to emerge. Generally patient, submissive, and quietly reflective, the approach in therapy would be o assist the counsel to choose a solution focused goal for the problem at hand. Since Ds learning styles are result oriented it is best to approach them with an itemized agenda while appealing to their controlling nature and preconceived ideas. (Disclosures). The tender sensitive passive nature Of the S therapist should not take offense while remembering the possible blind spots of the D counsel when viewed as rude, aggressive, and insensitive (Squids. Com /discreteness). The personality trait -? The inspiring and influential behavioral style is usually open to new theories, ideas, and ethos of learning. They are fun loving and have a short attention span (Disclosures). Keeping this learning style in mind, the S counselor should attempt to set good boundaries in counseling sessions. The general friendliness and outgoing nature of the l counsel and the genuine sincere, caring, friendliness of the S counselor would seem to be a good fit. Also, since the I is a talker and the S is a listener an appropriate communication strategy (game) would be the Talker-Listener Card (Petersen, 2007, p 55). The blind spots of defensiveness and not listening to counsel present the biggest robber for the counselor. Getting the l to own his responsibility for defensive behavior and poor listening habits will be the challenge for the counselor. The S personality trait The supportive personality style of the counsel and counselor both ask Hove will we get this problem solved? They both use how questions on a regular basis (Disclosures). Since they both work at a steady pace and are careful listeners they will approach the problem in a step by step manner. The caring S counselor, aware of the bloodspots of sensitivity and self-sacrificing behavior of the S counsel, will deed to gently supply confidence and encouragement to enable the counsel to be more assertive. A willing student the S counsel is very receptive to learning, but likes to observe techniques first then practice. Role play is a good strategy to use with this client. The C personality trait The consciences care-seeker wants to have a plan and schedule and asks many questions surrounding why questions (Disclosures). They want to hear facts and understand. They ask why should we do this (Disclosures)? The counselor would be wise to develop a written plan or goal in the therapy recess and explain the purpose of each step. Since the C personality is the second best listener (Tandem. Com) then the rapport between this counselor and the C counsel will be helpful as long as a structured and accurate listening approach is maintained. Action steps will be necessary as the problem is discussed as this is a blind spot of the C. Rather than worrying about what could go wrong they will need to move forward and attempt risks to accomplish the plan for healing (Squids. Com/discreteness). Communicating with a care-seeker The care-seeker from the case study Crossroads chosen for evaluation and assessment is Melissa. Melissa was chosen because as a high SIC counselor her natural tendency to blend in and serve during this crisis touched a familiar cord. Melissa displays many S personality traits. She is shown as the steady reliable supportive friend, not only to Broody, with whom she has a particular rapport, but also with the entire family. Melissa displays tendencies Of strong compassion, thoughtful, kind servant hood and a gentle quiet-like presence in the face of a horrible tragedy. She rarely expresses her own loss preferring to physically and emotionally care for the family involved. She is blew to get along with every family member easily and even at times gently confront the D personality of Bruce without causing offense. She is loyal to Broody and is greatly concerned for his healing and relationship with Bruce. She is a peacemaker. Since both Melissa and this S counselor are great listeners indicating a great advantage in this counseling relationship from the start. They are both highly empathetic and caring. The S counselor understands that Melissa will have a tendency to over function and even sacrifice as she provides steady friendship and compassion. Dealing with the loss of her friend will be extremely painful because S personalities are extremely relational one on one and make long lasting deep friendships (Carbondale, 2008). Applying what she has learned regarding grief and loss, the S counselor first needs to rule out whether the grief/loss has debilitated into depression (Clinton and Hawkins, 2009, p. 130). Melissa needs encouragement to express and feel her pain. She should be reminded to not attempt to do too much and that grieving takes time and is a process. Not attending to her personal self-care and not speaking out when pain of the loss of her friend overwhelms her are Melissa major blind spots. It will be necessary to remind Melissa that keeping busy and providing support and care is a healthy action while realizing that sacrificial giving to the point of exhaustion can also cause damage. Connecting and communicating with a mentor This students mentor has been determined to be I/SD. The dominate trait of l indicates that this person is full of fun and shares feelings openly. This mentor has a soft caring side and is generally liked and likes people. The D traits show that the mentor is more comfortable telling people what to do ND then inspiring them to get things done. Conflicting with the high S personality trait of this minute is the lack of preparation at times, and the poor listening skills of the I mentor. However, both this minute and the mentor have S traits that indicate that they care for people and have a strong desire to serve. They also have great kindness and tender hearts. The mentors high persuasive personality compliments the sometimes shy and reserved personality of the minute. The C personality trait of the minute counselor likes to be more organized and peruse facts and details. This desire s an area of concern with the minute as Carbondale (2008) mentions that the I/SD mentors interest in gathering facts can sometimes compromise quality in an effort to accomplish a goal or task. Another potential challenge can be the D mentors tendency to control. This would mean that the S minute will need to be a bit more assertive as they accomplish tasks. Overall, this relationship has many possibilities due to the strong desire to serve and the mutual love for people. These are necessary qualities for developing a pastoral counseling mentors.

Sitting Presidents During Major American Wars

Sitting Presidents During Major American Wars Who was the president during each of the major U.S. wars? Heres a list of the most significant wars the U.S. has been involved in, and the wartime presidents who held office during those times.   The American Revolution   The Revolutionary War, also called the American War for Independence,  was fought from 1775 through 1783.  George Washington  was president. Spurred on by the Boston Tea Party in 1773, 13 North American colonies fought Great Britain in an effort to escape from British rule and to become a country unto themselves. The War of 1812 James Madison  was president when the U.S. next challenged Great Britain in 1812. The British did not graciously accept American independence after the Revolutionary War. Britain began seizing American sailors and doing its best to interrupt American trade. The War of 1812 has been called the Second War of Independence. It lasted until 1815.   The Mexican-American War The U.S. clashed with Mexico in 1846 when Mexico resisted  James K. Polks vision of a manifest destiny for America. War was declared as part of Americas effort to forge westward. The first battle took place on the Rio Grande. By 1848, America had taken possession of a huge swath of land, including the modern-day states of Utah, Nevada, California, New Mexico, and Arizona.   The Civil War The War Between the States lasted from 1861 until 1865.  Abraham Lincoln  was president. Lincolns opposition to slavery was well known and seven southern states promptly seceded from the union when he was elected, leaving him with a real mess on his hands. They formed the Confederate States of America and the Civil War broke out as Lincoln took steps to bring them back into the fold - and to emancipate their slaves in the process. Four more states seceded before the dust from the first Civil War battle had settled.   The Spanish American War This was a brief one, technically lasting less than a year in 1898. Tensions first began escalating between the U.S. and Spain in 1895 as Cuba fought back against Spains dominance and the U.S. supported its efforts. William McKinley  was president. Spain declared war against America on April 24, 1898. McKinley responded by declaring war as well on April 25. Not one to be upstaged, he made his declaration retroactive to April 21. The whole thing was over by December, with Spain relinquishing Cuba and ceding the territories of Guam and Puerto Rico to the U.S. Who Was President During WW1? The First World War broke out in 1914. It pitted the Central Powers (Germany, Bulgaria, Austria, Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire) against the formidable Allied Powers of the U.S., Great Britain, Japan, Italy, Romania, France, and Russia. By the time the war ended in 1918, more than 16 million people were dead, including civilians.  Woodrow Wilson  was president at the time. Presidents During WW2 Raging from 1939 until 1945, World War II actually monopolized the time and attention of two presidents:  Franklin Roosevelt and Harry S Truman. It began when Hitler invaded Poland and France. Great Britain declared war on Germany two days later. Soon, more than 30 countries were involved, with Japan  (among several other countries) joining forces with Germany. By V-J Day in August 1845, this had become the most devastating war in history, claiming between 50 and 100 million lives. The exact total has never been calculated.   The Korean War Dwight Eisenhower  was president when the Korean War broke out just five years later in 1950. Credited with being the opening salvo of the Cold War, the Korean War began when North Korean soldiers invaded other Soviet-backed Korean territories in June. The U.S. got involved to support South Korea in August. There was some concern that the fighting would mushroom into World War III, but it resolved in 1953, at least to some extent. The Korean peninsula continues to be a hotbed of political tension.   The Vietnam War Its been called the most unpopular war in American history, and four presidents (Dwight Eisenhower, John F. Kennedy, Lyndon Johnson, and Richard Nixon) inherited this nightmare. It lasted 15 years, from 1960 through 1975. At issue was a division not unlike that which prompted the Korean War, with Communist North Vietnam and Russia opposing U.S.-backed South Vietnam. The ultimate death toll included almost 30,000 Vietnamese civilians and roughly an equal number of American soldiers. With chants of Not our war! resounding across the U.S., President Nixon finally pulled the plug in 1973. It was two more years before U.S. forces were officially withdrawn from the region in 1975 and Communist forces took control of Saigon.   The Persian Gulf War This one landed in President  George H. W. Bushs lap in 1990 when Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait in August. He thumbed his nose at the Union Nations Security Council when it instructed him to withdraw his forces. Saudi Arabia and Egypt requested the assistance of the U.S. to help prevent Iraqs invasion of neighboring territories. America, along with several allies, complied. Operation Desert Storm raged for 42 days until President Bush declared a ceasefire in February 1991.   The Iraq War Peace or something like it settled over the Persian Gulf until 2003 when Iraq again prompted hostilities in the region.  George W. Bush  was at the helm at the time. The U.S., aided by Great Britain, successfully invaded Iraq, then insurgents took exception to this state of affairs and hostilities broke out again. The conflict didnt resolve until Barack Obamas presidency when American forces withdrew from the region by December 2011.

Nutri, Health & Wellness Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nutri, Health & Wellness - Lab Report Example To achieve safety delivery during this lifecycle, an expectant mother is given a schedule to follow during the pregnancy period. The main aim being to check the growth of the child, and if it is not safe, correction is done and also the mother is advised on maintaining her pregnancy period. Failure to get prenatal care, there are higher chances of the baby having low weight and may increase the chance of the baby’s death. Further, the doctor may spot health problems early enough when a mother accesses health facilities regularly. In addition, the doctor will treat them at an early stage before they spread and affect the baby. Prenatal care is not only on the checkups, but the doctor also gives the mother some advice on how to give her unborn baby a healthy start to life, for example by exposing her to exercises and good nutrition that will keep the baby on good health as he/she was before birth. During this prenatal phase, nutrition is very important to the health of the mother and for the child. These nutrients enable the growth of the child and also enables prevention of diseases from attacking the foetus during pregnancy. On the other hand, poor nutrition results to some challenges to the pregnant mother and also to the child (Marie C & McCormick, 1999). The nutrition challenge associated with the pregnancy include; morning sickness. It is a common nutrition-related problem during pregnancy. It usually lasts for six months during the first trimester. It frequently helps to eat little, or have regular meals throughout the day. Morning sickness is caused by strong flavored and highly seasoned foods, hence pregnant mothers are advised to avoid strong spiced and seasoned junks. Heartburn is another common challenge during pregnancy due to the hormones released by the placenta’s relaxation in the lower esophagus sphincter, which keeps food in the digestive system

Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 12

Research - Essay Example g is an issue that need to be tackled holistically by all people and the relevant authorities without blaming each other for the current worsening conditions. Technically, global warming is a problem that emanates from the presence of too much carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. This acts as a blanket which traps heat, thereby warming the planet. Other gases such as methane and nitrous oxide have the same effect. Therefore, burning of coal, oil, and natural gas for energy leads to accumulation of carbon dioxide gas in the atmosphere. Scientific evidence indicate that an increase in global average temperature by 3.6 (F) poses a major risk to the natural systems and the existence of the human beings (Smith 18). Scientists have discovered that methane is mainly released by landfills and various agricultural practices such as use of nitrous oxide from fertilizers. In addition the gas is released through both industrial and refrigeration processes. Greenhouse gas emission is one of the major causes of global warming; global warming, thus, results from the greenhouse effect. The latter involves a process through which the emission and absorption of infrared radiation through the gases in the earth’s atmosphere, which warms the lower atmosphere and the surface of the earth (Smith 26). On the surface of the earth, the naturally occurring greenhouse gases have a mean warming effect of approximately 59˚F. Without the existence of the Earth’s atmosphere, the average temperature on the planet would be lowered to the freezing point. The major greenhouse gases exist in terms of water vapor that results in about 30-70% of the greenhouse effect, which leads to global warming. Scientists have pointed out that carbon dioxide causes 10-25%; methane causes 5-10%; and the ozone causes 3-8% of the greenhouse effects. Scientists have also pointed out that human activity that began during the times of Industrial Revolution in the United States and Western Europe increased the level

Effectiveness of a Country’s Educational Provision Essay Example for Free

Effectiveness of a Country’s Educational Provision Essay Introduction In the last quarter of the twentieth century, an increasing consensus developed concerning the link between economic prosperity and effectiveness of a country’s educational provision. As globalization gathered pace dramatically in the 1980’s and 199’s, this link became more overt as the comparison and competitiveness between nations inevitably increases. At the heart of the argument for the link, is the need for an educational workforce, without which a country’s economy will not keep pace.1 In the World Conference on Education For All, which assembled Jomtien, Thailand, it was recognized that the current provision of education seriously deficient and that it must be made relevant, qualitatively improve and made universally available to enable every person, child, and adult to meet the basic learning needs. These needs comprise both essential earning tools such as __________________ 1 David Middle Wood and Carlo Cardno, â€Å"Managing Teacher Performance. and the learning content (such as knowledge, skills, values and attitudes) required by human beings to be able to survive, to develop to their full capacities to live and work with dignity, to participate fully in development, to improve the quality of lives, to make informed decisions and to continue learning. 2 Education is the vital key to national development. More important is the training and development of human resources of teachers who are the frontiers of our educative pursuit. American may continue to lead the word of science and technology but its record of educating its citizens in those subjects is fairly dismal. An NSF panel has spent 128 months examining the state of Science, Mathematics,  Engineering and Technology (SME) and at the undergraduate level and reviewing hundreds of comments from academic. The overwhelming consensus is that most of the SME courses acts as filters. They screen out all but the promising students- those embarking on __________________ careers, leaving majority of the graduates with litters understanding of how science works. This worries the policy makers because many disgruntled students become teachers with little enthusiasm for the subject perpetuating a cycle of scientific and technological.4 Ana Marie Pamintuan, in her column entitled â€Å"Sketches†, in the December 12, 2000 issue of the Philippines Start stated: â€Å"In a season of bad news, there was one item I found particularly depressing. Filipino first year high school students ranked 36th among 38 countries in the Third International Mathematics and Science Studies (TIMSS). According to result, in the latest TIMSS, Japan ran fifth in Mathematics and fourth in Science. It can be expected that many people will really blame the education system for the Filipino students’ dismal performance. Although the schools along with the curriculum, teacher, supervisor, administrators and other elements that comprise the input components of the school as a social system, should take part of the blame. 5 __________________ 4 National Science Foundation, 1999). 5 Aquino, G. Effective Teaching. EDCOM reports that teacher is poorly trained. Many teachers at all levels do not have the optimum qualification for teaching. The proportion of high school teachers of science and mathematics, for example, do not have even  the minimal preparation for the teaching ranges from 54.6 percent to 5 percent. IN the 1991 DOST test given to both teachers and students in first year of the Second Education Program (SEDP), the total mean percentage score (54.08) of the first year high school teachers was only 8.79 points higher than those of the students (42.29). This deplorable performance can be traced to poor teacher training and the low quality of students enrolled in the teacher training.6 To further upgrade the standard of science education in the Philippines, the Department of science and Technology (DOST), University of the Philippines Science and Mathematics Education (UP-SMED) now National Institute for Science and Mathematics Education (NISMED), the Department of Education (DepEd) and the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) have launched a joint project, the purpose of which is to __________________ 6 (EDOM: 1995). develop human resources which would ultimately enhance and upgrade the capabilities of science and mathematics teachers. The core program was the development of thinking skills through practical work and laboratory experiment.7 These are challenging times for the country’s educational system Cooperative efforts at all levels of instruction are directed towards common goal to improve the quality of education. Much more evident are such efforts aimed at reform in Science Education. Varied approaches and techniques have been pioneered to make classroom filled with fruitful investigations to uncover new and useful informations. A great variety of instructional materials and facts intended for daily classroom instruction have been assembled utilizing the indigenous resources of the community. Innovative procedures of presenting learning tasks have been tried to make every teaching-learning situation, encounter more exciting and hallenging.8 Of the 50 schools tested, ___________________  it was revealed what students from 20 schools did not master the topic taught, 27 schools nearing mastery, and only 1 school reported mastery level.9 The low performance of students in science also became the justification for the formulation and launching of the Science and Technology Education Plan (STEP) with Project RISE (Rescue Initiative for Science Education) as one of its project under the manpower development component. One of the major problems cited in the Accomplishment Report prepared by STEP stated, â€Å"every little was done about following up the trainees on in their use of their acquired skills.10  The problem reported b the STEP, prompted the researcher, being one of the trainors of the program, Project RISE, at the Regional Science and Teaching Center (RSTC-UEP) to assess the accomplishment of Project RISE, as to whether it achieved the goal and objectives set for – the training of science teachers to ___________________ improve their teaching competencies and raise the performance levels of the students in General Science. Statement of the Problem This study will try to assess the effectiveness of Project RISE in the Secondary Schools in the Division of Northern Samar, using the DOST-SET Monitoring and Evaluation Forms from its implantation in 1998. Specifically, this study will try to answer at the following questions. 1. What is the extent of accomplishment of Project RISE in terms of: 1. Objective of the program 2. Course content 3. Participants’ profile 4. Trainers profile 2. What is the status of the processing variables such as the following: 1. Teachers 1. Attitude towards teaching General Science 2. Content knowledge and laboratory skills 3. Classroom management 4. Time management 5. Teaching strategies 6. Skills in the utilization of instructional material 7. Skills maintaining classroom discussion 8. Skills in motivating 2. Administrators 1. Administrative support 3. Student 1. Attitudes towards General Science 3. What is the status of Project RISE on the following: 1. Teaching competencies of the teacher-participants as observed and evaluated by the principal. 2. Teacher’s perception on how the training improved their competencies. 3. Student’s performance in General Science/ Theoretical Framework The framework for the evaluation of Project RISE in the Division of Northern Samar particularly in General Science, will make use of the system theory propounded by Millilin. System theory engages a process of examining a school system or educational system (for a program or project), not by piecemeal approach where every element of the system stand independent of the others, but as an organic group of elements, as a system with interaction subsystems inside the school system (social, economic, cultural, political and technological), a system that contributes to society through its outputs the same society from which the school received its inputs, and  layer on as a system that receive feedbacks from the society as to the defined â€Å"value added† through outputs.11 Moreover, that the system theory gives a holistic view of advocating its internal efficiency as well as its external productivity: it calls for an interdisciplinary approach which mean that I considers how all the various system are interrelated, and it is a _________________  self-connective approach because it considers and profits from feedbacks received from its environs.12 The appraisal process using the system theory is hinged on the input, throughput and output concepts. The input includes the setting of verifiable objectives that become standards: the throughputs refers to the actually performance of the organization that is being evaluated; the outputs include the measuring of performance against standards such as the formal type of comprehensive review. A build in feedback mechanism pinpoint the flaws or errors in program implementation. Then corrective actions for undesirable deviation from standards are formulated. The system of evaluation is cyclical in nature consistent of formulation, implementation, monitoring and feedback pointing to the continuous assessment for program revision and improvement. Whichever is pinpointed as error implementation become the focus corrective decisions and actions and for program revisions. The advantage of the system evaluation concept lie in its ability to correct program errors at their earliest stages. Early direction and correction of ____________________ 12 Ibid. program implementation errors diminish the possibilities of incurring financial losses and unnecessary waste of efforts by the personnel implementing the program.  Therefore, assessing Project RISE, specially those having bearing on its accomplishments and innovations achieved by the teacher trainees in General  Science six year after might be a sound decision. This study is also supported by Bautista’s theory on evaluation, which shed light to the program design, assesses the implementation in terms of results of long effects. It is evaluation that provides timely and realistic feedback to the change agents, making the maximization of fiscal manpower resources possible. Programs are not evaluated attend to maintain a status quo to stagnate subsequently. One type of evaluation is the ex-post evaluation or impact evaluation. This is undertaken to determine whether the program or project merits expansion or replication in other areas and ascertain what aspects can be modified to improve implementation in other area. This study is then called an impact evaluation because it with try to assess the _________________  status of Project RISE teachers’ train on their overall performance as General Science Teachers. Carino’s theory, also sustains that accountability is a central problem of the government. The activities of civil servants and public agencies must follow the will of the people to whom they are ultimately responsible. The public ness of their employment and goals therefore prescribe their behavior and circumscribe their choice. Therefore, all individuals and office continue to have a range of options as to how they would act. The evaluation of whether such action would be within the bounds of their authority is referent to the concepts of accountability. Accountability focuses on the following: 1) regularity of fiscal transactions and the faithful compliance as well as adherence to legal requirements and administrative policies; 2) efficiency and economy in the use of public funds, prosperity manpower and other resources; 3) concerned with the results of government operation; 4) human resources accounting and the __________________  analogies of economics and social impacts of programs, and 5) emphasizes  procedures and methods operation and on the transformation of inputs to outputs.15 This study is an assessment of a project, which derives its finances from government funds, therefore projects implementers and all those involved in it are accountable to the people and the society. Another theory to support other variables identified in this study, such as attitudes and values of teachers, is that one advocated by Thorndike. The connectionist theory or the Stimulus-Organism-Response (SOR) theory. This view was based on the concept that bonds or connections are formed between situations and suppose. Thordike advocates the idea that learning results from translating sense impressions and impulses to action learning occurs through change in connection between particular stimulus and a response, hence, connections are the key to understanding a learning task. ___________________ 15 Carino, Ledevina, â€Å"Administrative Accountability: A Review of the Evolution, Meaning and Operationa-lization of a Key Concept in Public Administration). 16 Gregorio, Hernan, â€Å"Principles and Methods of Teaching†. In the same manner, the personal attitudes and values of the teachers may have much to do with their teaching effectiveness because they could be the basis for their behavior, decisions and choice. This is so because â€Å"values are deep-rooted motivations of behavior. They defined what is important to the individual.16 In this study, it may be stated that the attitudes and values of the General Science teachers will have bearing with their work as teachers. What they believe in and what they consider important will influence their decisions and choices. Conceptual Framework The framework for the evaluation process has three components: inputs, throughputs and outputs. A built-in-feedback mechanism is the place to  derived information for project revision or improvement. Following the evaluation process, the inputs of Project RISE in Region VIII in general and in the Division of Northern Samar in particular are the objective of the program, course content, participants, trainers, and training ___________________  procedures. The actual performance in the implementation of Project RISE will be expresses in terms the throughout or processes. These consists of the teachers’ attitude towards teaching General Science, the General Science content knowledge and skills, classroom management, time management, appropriateness of teaching strategies, skills in the utilization of instructional materials, and skills in maintaining classroom discussions and skill in motivating. It will also include the teachers’ teaching competencies in teaching General Science as perceived by the principles, the teachers’ own perceptions on how the Project RISE training improved the competencies as observes by their principles and the students’ performance in General science as measured by a test in General Science.

Literature - Postmodern Literary Criticism :: Literature Essays Literary Criticism

Postmodern Literary Criticism    Postmodernism attempts to call into question or challenge the notion of a single absolute unified master narrative without simply replacing it with another. It is a paradoxical, recursive, and problematic method of critique.    It encourages transcendence through or in spite of limitation, while simultaneously decentering the concept of absolute transcendence. To this end, it encourages the development of a heightened sense of self in relation to itself and the world around it.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Postmodernism assumes an ontology of fragmented being. Where modernism asserts the primacy of the subject in revealing universal truth, postmodernism challenges the authority of the subject and, thus, universal truth based on it. Modernism and postmodernism, however, draw upon distinctly different epistemological modes: critical and dogmatic.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Modernism posits itself as a source of dogmatic knowledge. Dogmatic knowledge is an unchanging, absolute ideology. It has found the Truth or believes it is possible to acquire it. Knowledge is objective, tangible and quantifiable. The dogmatic mode attempts to subordinate further critical thinking in order to spread knowledge of Truth.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Postmodernism, on the other hand, aspires to reflect the critical. Critical knowledge is a process, rather than product. Absolute knowledge is unattainable, conditional, and provisional at best. Any unequivocal sense of the real is rendered superfluous. Truth, therefore, remains elusive, relativistic, partial, and always incomplete; it cannot be learned in totality. "Truth itself is a contingent affair and assumes a different shape in the light of differing local urgencies and convictions associated with them" (Fish 207). Critical knowledge has no choice but to exercise complicity with the cultural historical context in which it is hopelessly mired. As Lee Patterson states, "Even scholars who are dealing with chronologically and geographically distant materials are in fact examining a cultural matrix within which they themselves stand, and the understandings at which they arrive are influenced not simply by contemporary interests but by th e shaping past that they are engaged in recovering" (259).      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Postmodern literary criticism asserts that art, author, and audience can only be approached through a series of   mediating contexts. "Novels, poems, and plays are neither timeless nor transcendent" (Jehlen 264). Even questions of canon must be considered within a such contexts. "Literature is not only a question of what we read but of who reads and who writes, and in what social circumstances...The canon itself is an historical event; it belongs to the history of the school" (Guillory 238,44). Literature - Postmodern Literary Criticism :: Literature Essays Literary Criticism Postmodern Literary Criticism    Postmodernism attempts to call into question or challenge the notion of a single absolute unified master narrative without simply replacing it with another. It is a paradoxical, recursive, and problematic method of critique.    It encourages transcendence through or in spite of limitation, while simultaneously decentering the concept of absolute transcendence. To this end, it encourages the development of a heightened sense of self in relation to itself and the world around it.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Postmodernism assumes an ontology of fragmented being. Where modernism asserts the primacy of the subject in revealing universal truth, postmodernism challenges the authority of the subject and, thus, universal truth based on it. Modernism and postmodernism, however, draw upon distinctly different epistemological modes: critical and dogmatic.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Modernism posits itself as a source of dogmatic knowledge. Dogmatic knowledge is an unchanging, absolute ideology. It has found the Truth or believes it is possible to acquire it. Knowledge is objective, tangible and quantifiable. The dogmatic mode attempts to subordinate further critical thinking in order to spread knowledge of Truth.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Postmodernism, on the other hand, aspires to reflect the critical. Critical knowledge is a process, rather than product. Absolute knowledge is unattainable, conditional, and provisional at best. Any unequivocal sense of the real is rendered superfluous. Truth, therefore, remains elusive, relativistic, partial, and always incomplete; it cannot be learned in totality. "Truth itself is a contingent affair and assumes a different shape in the light of differing local urgencies and convictions associated with them" (Fish 207). Critical knowledge has no choice but to exercise complicity with the cultural historical context in which it is hopelessly mired. As Lee Patterson states, "Even scholars who are dealing with chronologically and geographically distant materials are in fact examining a cultural matrix within which they themselves stand, and the understandings at which they arrive are influenced not simply by contemporary interests but by th e shaping past that they are engaged in recovering" (259).      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Postmodern literary criticism asserts that art, author, and audience can only be approached through a series of   mediating contexts. "Novels, poems, and plays are neither timeless nor transcendent" (Jehlen 264). Even questions of canon must be considered within a such contexts. "Literature is not only a question of what we read but of who reads and who writes, and in what social circumstances...The canon itself is an historical event; it belongs to the history of the school" (Guillory 238,44).

Organizational Systems Essay

Root Cause Analysis (RCA) is a tool designed to help identify not only what and how an event occurred, but also why it happened. We can see from this scenario that the root cause is the lack of oxygen given to this patient, however it is not the only cause. A string of events lead to this patients demise. The first and most important cause was that hospital policy was overlooked. In the scenario it stated. Root Cause Analysis (RCA) is a tool designed to help identify not only what and how an event occurred, but also why it happened. We can see from this scenario that the root cause is the lack of oxygen given to this patient, however it is not the only cause. A string of events lead to this patients demise. The first and most important cause was that hospital policy was overlooked. In the scenario it stated â€Å"A moderate sedation/analgesia (â€Å"conscious sedation†) policy requires that the patient remains on continuous B/P, ECG, and pulse oximeter throughout the procedur e and until the patient meets specific discharge criteria (i.e., fully awake, VSS, no N/V, and able to void).† The trained nurse had the equipment to insure that this policy was followed, however failed to perform her duties as required by this policy. The second event is that the LPN reset the alarm and made no effort to provide an intervention for the alarm. The LPN did not inform the RN of the O2 Saturation level. The LPN Was not trained properly. The third event was that there was not enough staff called in for the level of acuity that these patients had. The administration should have been made aware of the emergency coming in and called in more staff to accommodate the staffing need. The errors or hazards in care in the scenario were that the RN failed to follow hospital policy to continuous monitor the patient. LPN was not properly trained to handle patients with a higher acuity. LPN failed to report and respond to the alarm. It would be helpful if the parties involved with this event come together and discuss on what failed and how they can improve the system. To decrease the likelihood of this happening again the data collected from the RCA needs to  be presented and a plan needs to be implemented so that all the staff can know what to do if this situation occurs in the future. Implementing a plan where all the parties are involved will insure that policy that is implemented will be followed through and a since of teamwork and collaboration will be felt. Lewin’s change model talks about people that are frozen in their idea of how certain processes should work, and need to be unfrozen in their process in order to make a change. In the scenario, the staff may be stuck in a process of how they perform their job. When things in the ER got busy, The nurse may have felt that since she has experience and is qualified she could handle things in the ER with just the help of the LPN. If this Nurse was not frozen in her old ways she would have realized that knowing when to call for help early enough is a nursing key behavior. Sometimes being stuck in your old ways is not what is best for the patient or yourself. If the future with change this Nurse has the potential to be a good advocate for other nurses and staff. She will be helpful in supporting change for the better of the patient. Lewin’s second model talks about what needs to be changed in a situation. In the scenario, the process of how moderate sedation is performed and followed up for each and every patient in any department needs to be changed. In order to make a change, staff needs to become involved and understand why this change will benefit the patient and the nursing staff. In order to make a change and have it successful the staff will need intrinsic motivators. According to Lewin’s change theory the staff will need to first, be open to the idea of this change and second, see how it can benefit the quality of care given to patients. Updating the moderate sedation policy to include a one on one â€Å"qualified† staff member to stay with the patient after sedation at all times until discharge criteria is met. Staff education, annual education and possibly mock sedation scenerio’s could help the staff learn in a â€Å"real life† situation what could go wrong and what could be done better. When the change has been introduced. Trial and errors are started and perfected and staff starts to use these changes in practice. It has a possibility to become normal to them and then the â€Å"refreezing† process can begin. Lewin’s refreezing process is referred to as, once new change is in practice the staff will then start to implement that changed process in everyday procedure, cause a refreezing process of new and improved procedure. After, Nurse J and the other staff members in  the ER and everywhere else in the hospital, practice and start applying these new changes into their everyday routine after several weeks, it will become second nature to them! (â€Å"Change theory,† February) Failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) identifies all possible failures in a service rendered. â€Å"Failure modes† means the ways, or modes, in which something might fail. Failures are any errors or defects, especially ones that affect the customer, and can be potential or actual. â€Å"Effects analysis† refers to studying the consequence of those failures. (The Quality Toolbox.2004) The interdisciplinary team that should be included in the RCA and FMEA are everyone involved like all doctors, RN’s, LPN, administrators, and the joint commission. We would start by developing steps to assess risks of failure to patients in the process that is being used. The pre-steps needed to implement FMEA is that the interdisciplinary team needs to be in agreement with how many steps and the steps that accurately describe the process. For each Failure mode the team needs to assign a risk priority number (RPN), this is used to detect the likelihood of occurrence, detection an d severity. For every failure mode identified, the team should answer the following questions and assign the appropriate score. (the team should do this as a group and have consensus on all values assigned) 1) How likely is it that this failure mode will occur? 2)Assign a score between 1 and 10, with 1 meaning â€Å"very unlikely to occur† and 10 meaning â€Å"very likely to occur.† And 3) How likely will the error be caught before causing harm to the patient. (IHI.pdf) The first step in FMEA is to analysis how likely is it that this failure mode will occur and its severity of affect on the patient. To do this the hospital would assign a severity number to the process step that they are testing. The FMEA would have number 1 through 10. 1 would mean no harm would be done to the patient, 5 would be moderate harm to the patient and 9 or 10 would mean that the severity would be very bad with the worst possible outcome for the patient. Like in the case scenario if the process step they chose was: with no equipment for monitoring of a patient after sedation and without staff present or staff present and all equipment was present. The process failure mode was that the patient stops breathing and no one or no equipment was present. The number value for this scenario would then be assigned the highest number because of the high likelihood that it would have the worst outcome for the patient. The second step in the FMEA is  to analyze how often the error or potential problem is likely to happen in the process. The occurrence scale also has a numeric value of 1 to 10. 1 would be that the problem could occur in under 0.01 to every 1,000 people, 5 would represent about 5 people to every 1,000 people and 10 would have the highest occurrence of over 100 people to every 1,000 people, which would make it very likely that the event will occur. The hospital staff would than take their process step of not monitoring a patient after sedation and rate the occurrence of the process at how likely the event would happen. The hospital then can look at data from other hospitals that did not monitor patients after sedation to see the likelihood that they stop breathing to rate the number. The third and last step is how likely the error or problem can be caught before reaching the patient and on what degree of harm it can cause to the patient. The same principle applies to the detection scale of a scale of 1 to 10. All of the numerical scores would then be multiplied together: Severity x Occurrence x Detection = Score. A score over 100 would prompt the hospital to look into the problem more closely and anything below that number they may want to take off their agenda and focus on the more dangerous outcomes for the patients. (Forrest, 2010) The key role nurses would play in improving the quality of care in this situation. Are to implement a plan of action. They can sponsor classes for other staff to get educated. They can attend drills to rehearse different scenarios to be prepared for other events. Having nursing staff advocate for the change will also help the other staff follow by example when changes are made, especially if they know the reason is to help prevent harm to patients in their care. Nurses with the right tools, guidelines and policies are able to make sure that the care is the best quality for their patients. References Change theory. (January, 2014, 02). Retrieved February 20, 2015, from http://wgu.hosted.panopto.com/Panopto/Pages/Viewer.aspx?id=e348f20b-e819-43e4-abcaf191f99bc Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) Tool. (n.d.). Retrieved February 20, 2015, from http://www.ihi.org/resources/FailureModesandEffectsAnalysisFMEATool_IHI.pdf Forrest, G. (2010, December 31). Quick guide to failure mode and effects analysis. Retrieved February 20, 2015, from http://www.isixsigma.com/tools-templates/fmea/quick-guide-failure-mode-and-effects-analysis/ IHI Institution for Healthcare Improvement. (n.d.). Lesson 5 testing changes (Pages 1-2). Retrieved from http://www.ihi.org/education/ihiopenschool/Pages/default.aspx Policy name: Root cause analysis. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.precisionlens.net/UserFiles/rootcause-analysis.doc Nancy R. Teague The Quality toolbox, 2nd edition, ASQ Quality Press, 2004, pages 236-240.

Competition in video game consoles Essay

Competition in Video Game Consoles: The State of the Battle for Supremacy in 2008 1. What are the strategy-shaping business and economic characteristics of the console segment of the video game industry? What is the industry like? 1-1 Segmentation: The industry was segmented into console hardware, console software (both sales and rentals), handheld hardware, handheld software (both sales and rentals), PC software (both sales and rentals), broadband, interactive TV, and mobile phones. 1-2 Market Size: Table 1: Size of the Global Video Games Markets, by Sector, 2000, 2003, and 2005, with Projections for 2010 ($ in millions) | 2000| 2003| 2005| 2010| Console hardware| $ 4,791| $6,047| $3,894| $5,771| Console Software (both sales and rentals)| 9,451| 16,449| 13,055| 17,164| Handheld hardware| 1,945| 1,501| 3,855| 1,715| Handheld software(both sales and rentals)| 2,872| 2,238| 4,829| 3,113| PC software (both sales and rentals)| 5,077| 3,806| 4,313| 2,955| Broadband| 70| 497| 1,944| 6,352| Interactive TV| 81| 249| 786| 3,037| Mobile phones| 65| 587| 2,572| 11,186| | 24,352| 31,370| 35,248| 51,292|. Source: Informa Telecoms & Media, â€Å"Games Market to Score Big in 2007,† press release, October 24, 2005, and â€Å"Games Industry Boom Continues,† press release July 24, 2003, both at www. informamedia. com (accessed September 8, 2006). As we can see the table above, the market size has grown from $24. 352 billion in 2000 to $51. 292 billion in 2010. In other words, the video game market becomes bigger and bigger. 1-3 Market growth rate Table 2 Compounded Annual Growth Rates For the Video Game Industry 2000 – 2005 and 2005 – 2010 (projected) | CAGR (2000-2005)| CAGR (2005-2010)| Console Hardware| -4. 1%| 8. 2%|. Console Software (both sales & rentals)| 6. 7%| 5. 6%| Handheld hardware| 14. 7%| -14. 96%| Handheld software (both sales & rentals)| 10. 95%| -8. 4%| PC software (both sales & rentals)| -3. 2%| -7. 3%| Broadband| 94. 4%| 26. 7%| Interactive TV| 57. 5%| 31. 04%| Mobile Phone| 108. 7%| 34. 2%| Total| 7. 7%| 7. 8%| CAGR is compound annual growth rate. The formula is(VtnVt0)1tn-t0-1. V (t0): start value, V (tn): finish value, tn ? t0: number of years. The numbers above are calculated from table 1. 1-4 Entry/Exit barriers The three existing companies are one of the entry barriers of other potential companies that would like to enter this market. Video game industry needs huge capital to invest on research and development department. Also, the entrants need to recruit skillful engineers and other talent staff to develop the products and make efficient marketing strategies. Combinations of all the entry elements, the entry barriers level is high for the perspective entrants. However, the software development is easier to enter this market than the hardware part. Potential entrants only need to focus on the software for the existing companies’ hardware products. This will have less cost than develop entire hardware and software. 1-5 Scope of rivalry. Sony, Nintendo, and Microsoft are the three main companies in the video game industry. Before 2001, there was one more competitor, Sega, in the market. It tried to compete with Nintendo and Sony but it finally was out of the industry in 2001. After 2001, video game industry has entered new war. Sony, Nintendo, and Microsoft compete with each other by gaining sales and increasing installed base. Play Station 2 from Sony has significant unit sold in $299 each; however, its newest generation, Play Station 3 has not successful result in the market. Play Station 3 was beaten by Xbox and Wii which are from Microsoft and Nintendo respectively. As the result, Nintendo and Microsoft were substitute Sony to compete the leadership position in recent year. In addition, the retails which those three main companies sold their products in are in the price competition. Furthermore, console technology, online gaming, and mobile gaming has gradually changed the competitive situation. The impressive technologies become important for the competitive companies to develop new generation console. Also, game software enter new world which the internet is common, so the online game is on the trend that is expected to continue to increase in market. According to the mobile phone using population increasing, the games are installed in the mobile phone are in the increasing trend also. In short, the video game industry rivalry has become fierce. 1-6 Scale economies According to produce the entire console hardware, a company cannot manufacture all components by itself. Therefore, Sony, Microsoft, and Nintendo would like to produce large amount of console hardware to reduce the costs. They choose to ally with IBM, maker of GPUs or Intel to get components to assemble their console. Because those ally companies need to offer not only one buyer, they can produce large volume for the buyers. Thus, the price would be reduced by huge amount of production. Sony, Microsoft, and Nintendo can through this way to reduce the production cost and reach the economy scale. 1-7 Consumer characteristic. There are 300 million population played video games which include console system, handheld devices, and mobile phone all over the world in 2008. Most of them are preteens, teenagers, and young adult who are between 20 and 40 year-old. In 2005, the average age of players is 33 in US and there are 25% of gamers who were over 50. In addition, there are 31% of all gamers are under 18 and there are 44% of players were 1 to 49 year-old in 2005. Moreover, there is 62% of players are males. 2. What is competition like in the video game system industry? Which of the five competitive forces is strongest? Which is weakest? What competitive forces seem to have the greatest effect on industry attractiveness and the potential profitability of new entrants? 2-1 * The bargaining power and leverage of buyers—a __weak_______ competitive force First of all, retailers almost do not have bargain power because they only can buy the products in those three companies. A retailer cannot buy the product from other companies and they may need to sell more than one brand to attract different customers taste. Therefore, they only have low bargain power. * The bargaining power and leverage of suppliers—a ____moderate_____ competitive force Although it is easy for video game companies, such as Sony, Microsoft, and Nintendo, to switch the suppliers, the large suppler still contain bargain power. The bargain powers come from special technology, unique parts, and risk of quality control. The small suppliers cannot guarantee the quality of products. Moreover, if those video game companies require unique components, then the suppliers may have bigger power to bargain. In short, the hardware component suppliers have bargain power but the video game companies have ability to change suppliers also although it is not very easy. In addition, video game software suppliers are in the different situation which compares with hardware suppliers. Software suppliers may have bargain power if they make a very wonderful game or they can bargain for the sales of hardware volume. If the sales of hardware console are not good, the software companies may not be willing to produce the software games. However, those video game companies have abilities to produce the software. They can publish their own game software. Therefore, software suppliers may not have bargain power as strong as hardware suppliers. In short, integrate hardware and software suppliers’ competitive forces. Suppliers have moderate bargaining power. * Competition from substitutes—a __weak to moderate______ competitive force Video game is for people to spend their leisure time. Except video games, people can do outdoor activities, board games, watching TV, seeing movies†¦etc. for their free time. Those activities may not instead of the feeling of playing video games but this depends on how video game players like to play video game. According to the data, video game enthusiasts can spend 6 hours per week to play video games. Therefore, those people usually do not do other activities in their free time. In short, there is no activities totally the same with video game but there are still other things that players can do to instead video game. Thus, the substitute force is low to moderate. * Threat of entry—a __weak_______ competitive force. Due to the entry barriers, it is not easy to enter this industry. The requirements of entry are high. In order to enter video game industry, entrants need to invest large capital and possess enough technologic skills to compete with the existing companies. Furthermore, the existing companies have higher ability to stay in the industry and have strong competitive products to threaten new entrants. Consequently, the threat of new entry has weak competitive force. * Rivalry among competing video game console producers—a __Strong_______ competitive force There is strong rivalry within the industry. As we can see, Sega was forced to withdraw from the industry in 2001. The existing three companies have started competing with each other keenly. They continue to develop their products, to compete sales volumes and price. As long as one of them does not pay attention to each other action, they may lose a lot. Therefore, the competing within video game console producers is strong. 2-2 The strongest competitive force is rivalry among competing video game console producers. The weakest competitive force is threat of entry. The competition from substitute is the greatest effect on industry. Because there are no substitutes which can provide totally the same experience for consumers, this is the greatest attractiveness and the potential profitability of new entrants. 3. How is the video game system industry changing? What are the underlying drivers of change and how might those driving forces individually or collectively change competition in the industry? Driving forces will include: * Product innovation The development of software and hardware of console is an important driver to push the industry to change. New technologies can attract individual buyers to purchase. The enthusiastic consumers may want to obtain newest games, so they may be easy to change their favorites. Also, new development can force other producers to improve their products. A new innovation product can be success in the industry. Then, it may give pressure to other competitors to improve their products. Therefore, product innovation is a driver of change. * Emergence of new video game devices The new video game devices are a driver to let the producers to change their products because new devices may improve the products and may be a trigger of consumers’ willing to buy. When a new device comes out, a producer does not catch up the trend and then it may be kicked out the market. Moreover, a new device may become a trend in the industry and may trigger a new competition war. * Emergence of internet-based video games Internet-based video games allow multiplayers at the same time. Also, the players may change their purchasing pattern. Internet is convenience for the consumers to purchase new games and has accompanies to play games device so it will enhance the products become more vivid and convenience to possess. Therefore, internet-bas video games become a trend in the industry. The major players of industry have started to develop their products to allow users to player through wireless networking. Therefore, the producers are making change to fit the consumers’ new using and purchasing pattern. * The buyer characteristics The players characteristics are gradually change. There are more young adults and female to become players. This trend attracts the producers to consider the buyers age and gender. They have started to design the console and games to match those buyer segment needs. For example, the goal of Wii is even mom can know how to play it. Therefore, the consumers’ segment change can impact the industry trend and push the major industry players to change the design to feed the different segment of players. * The aspect of society The aspect of society is change in this decade. Parents are willing to accompany their kids to play video games. They think some video games can let people to use their brains to think and some video games can help people to do exercises. For example, some games may use particular barriers that push players to figure out what element they need for enter the other stages. Moreover, many sport games of Wii are required users to move their body. Thus, many people think that video games do not only require users to stick in front of the screens and just move the fingers but also require users to operate their brains and move their bodies. Therefore, many video game console producers have started to change their design to fit more potential customers’ needs. 4. What does your strategic group map of the video game industry (all segments) look like? Which strategic groups do you think are in the best positions? The worst positions? Types of Video Game Suppliers/Distribution Channels. Strategic Group Map of the Video Game Industry Arcades Machine Arcade operators Home PC game suppliers Sony, Microsoft, Nintendo Home PCs Video Game Consoles Several online game site: MSN game zone†¦etc. Online Video Game Sites Low Medium High Cost to Players of Video Games Arcade operators can distribute for the arcade machine and little part for home PC use. Sony, Microsoft, and Nintendo produce games that can be use on home PC, video game consoles and online games. The online video game supplier may distribute the games to online use and may have little part for video game console use. Arcade game costs players very little. Sometimes it just cost few coins to play and players do not need to buy the machine back to homes. Home PC game players have to buy PC and they just can play the games or they may need to go to some Internet bars. Therefore, the cost is highest. Video game console cost players around $100 to $400 to purchase a hardware console. For the online video game sites, they may just cost few dollars from players to download the games. 5. What key factors determine the success for video game console producers? Factors that are necessary for competitive success in the console segment of the video game industry include: * Large installed base While the installed base is getting more and more, the producer company could be profit from the increasing installed base if the producer develops its internal game capabilities. Nintendo and Microsoft have this strategy. Nintendo has published many popular games and those software operating profit margins contribute around 35% to 40 % of Nintendo’s profitability. Also, independent game publishers also benefit from the large installed base because they can have increasing continuous sales. * Technological capabilities According to the improvement of technologies, every industry players are eager to develop the new products that the new technologies ameliorate them. This is because consumers have required more and more functions and quality of the products. They want high definition, easy to use†¦ etc from the products; therefore, every producer is entering the technological capabilities war. The technological abilities can help producers offer better products to attract customers to purchase. * Partnerships with independent software developers. Those software developers are important for the hardware game console producers because there is no fun without game software. Many players have â€Å"must have list. † This is just like the fashion world. People who pay attention on fashion trend know what should be had. Thus, â€Å"must have list† is the fashion trend in the video game industry. Therefore, partnerships with independent software developers are one of key factor that can push the video game console producer to succeed. Those partners can develop the popular software to urge the sales of video game console producers. * Acceptable development and production costs The price of the console should be reasonable for consumers. If the price is too high, the product may be like PS3 to fail in the market. Because Sony spent a lot on developing the better technologic component for PS3, it priced PS3 in $499 and $599 each to charge customers. However, the new design of PS3 did not completion yet at the launched time because PS3 had only 24 PS3 game title can backward compatible with PlayStation and PS2. The development of PS3 is not acceptable and blue-ray technology was too expensive. Therefore, the incompletion development and high production costs are transferred to consumers. The result is PS3 fail. In short, acceptable development and production costs are one of the factors can determine video game console producer will succeed or not. * Access to distribution Retailer distribution: this is the common distribution channel of hardware and software console. Those retail stores, such as Wal-Mart, Target, Best-Buy, Flyer’s and Amazon, have high consumers’ density. Due to the development of internet use, online retailers become popular and contain powerful sales. Online download: Because of internet-base becomes a trend, many console producers have developed the online gaming. Hence, internet becomes a potential way to distribute the online game products. Product variety: Some video game producers have variety products. For example: Nintendo produces hardware console and software console game. The software console game cannot only use in Wii but also can use in PC, PS2, or other hardware console. Thus, as a software game publisher, Nintendo access to more than one distribution for its software game. In short, how to access to more distribution is also one successful factor of video game console producers. 6. Which console makers seem to be best able to perform the industry’s key success factors and other measures of competitive strength? What ratings do Microsoft, Sony, and Nintendo merit in a competitive strength assessment? | ImportanceWeight| SonyStrengthRating| SonyStrengthScore| MicrosoftStrength Rating| Microsoft StrengthScore| NintendoStrengthRating| NintendoStrengthScore| Large installed base| 0. 25| 7| 1. 75| 6| 1. 50| 9| 2. 25|. Technologicalcapabilities| 0 . 15| 9| 1. 35| 9| 1. 35| 7| 1.05| Partnership with independent software developer| 0. 15| 8| 1. 20| 8| 1. 20| 8| 1. 20| Acceptable development and production costs| 0. 25| 6| 1. 50| 7| 1. 75| 8| 2. 00| Access to distribution| 0. 20| 8| 1. 60| 8| 1. 60| 9| 1. 80| Sum| 1. 00| | 7. 4| | 7. 4| | 8. 3| (Rating Scale: 1=very weak; 10=very strong) General speaking, Sony with PS2 has performance very well in the industry. However, Xbox had beaten Sony’s PS3. Then Nintendo’s Wii has very strong performance to become industry leader. Thus, Nintendo seems to have best performance in the industry. The table above shows the ratings and scores of Sony, Microsoft, and Nintendo. Sony and Microsoft have the same score, 7. 4 and Nintendo has higher score, 8. 3. Although Nintendo do not have strong technological capabilities, it has powerful marketing strategic and variety products to access more distribution. Its product can reach more population to use and weaker technological capabilities become its strength to increase the sales volume. Therefore, I gave rating 8 for the acceptable development and production costs which is higher than Sony and Microsoft. Therefore, the overall rating of Nintendo shows that it has best performance in the industry. 7. What recommendations would you make to Microsoft to win the next generation battle in the video game console industry? to Sony? to Nintendo? Microsoft According to the revenue data, we can see Microsoft has less revenue than Sony and Nintendo. Also the sale unit of Microsoft products are not as mane as Sony and Nintendo. Therefore, I recommend that Microsoft should increase sale volume of its products. Xbox may be popular in America but how about Asia? Asia is a potential place to increase the sale. Therefore, Microsoft may need to create the new generation product can fit more population taste. Sony Sony should remember the lesson of launching PS3. Although it had pressure to launch PS3 earlier, the product was not ready yet to public. This situation can drag more profit down than launching PS3 later. Therefore, I recommend that Sony should make the marketing plan well and prepare more than one back up plan to face the rivals’ new products. Sony should have ability to predict or estimate actions of competitors. Nintendo Nintendo has strong performance of its Wii. Wii is design to reach more population so the key features of Wii are not as strong as Sony Play Station and Microsoft Xbox. Now, Wii has been successful to reach more population, and then I will recommend that Nintendo should figure out how to improve its technological abilities. The consumers cannot be always satisfied with the simple designs. Moreover, Nintendo has famous software game such as Mario Brothers. The game is many people childhood memories. Nintendo could make serial products for the special anniversary of Mario Brothers. Many people would like to collect the serial products, such as the first generation Mario Brother game. This is Nintendo’s strength and Nintendo should use it.